Vocabulary Ch 1-4

Bio 1610
Vocabulary Words
CH 1-4

CH 1

Emergent Properties- The greater good, bike parts in a box = useless, put them together = useful.
Systems Biology- Using data to predict the function or result of an affect or variable has on a biological system.
Biosphere- The earths atmosphere, the earths crust, the life in the ocean etc.
Ecosystem- A community of organisms and their physical environment, ie- the dessert, a coral reef, a jungle etc.
Community- All of the groups of animals or plants living together in the same area or environment.
Population- A group of organisms of one species that live in the same place.
Eukaryote- Cells, DNA, Nucleus, Cell membrane, organelles etc.
Prokaryote- a cell with no nucleus (before nucleus)
Negative Feedback- a self regulating system that can reverse or change the output of a process. Detects the body has enough x so it stops producing it…
Positive Feedback- the system increases production in response to a stimulus. Pregnancy.
Domain- Three groups, highest level of classification. Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya
Archaea- Prokaryotes that live in earths extreme environments. Boiling Springs etc
Natural Selection- as animals reproduce, they pass down traits that are advantageous to the species survival enabling them to adapt to their environment.
Inductive Reasoning- Drawing conclusions based on your observations.
Deductive Reasoning- After hypothesis. Flows from general observations to specific.
Hypothesis- An educated guess
Controlled Experiment- Comparing an experimental group to a control group. Both groups only differ in one factor- what’s being tested.
Theory- General enough to spin off specific Hypotheses. Supported by more evidence than a hypothesis.

CHAPTER 2

Element- What matter is made up of. Cant be broken down by chemical reaction.
Compound- Two or more different elements combined.
Trace Elements- Required by an organism, but only in minute quantities.
Atom- The smallest unit of matter that still keeps the properties of its element.
Proton- Has one unit of positive charge. In the core by the neutrons
Electron- Has one unit of negative charge, surround the nucleus or core of an atom
Neutron- Electronically neutral. Packed in the core by the protons
Atomic Number- The number of protons. Unique to that element.
Atomic Mass- The total mass of an atom. Neutrons+Protons
Radioactive Isotopes- Unstable isotope, one the nucleus will decay spontaneously, used in medicine. PET scans etc.
Potential Energy- The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. Water in a reservoir, a hill etc
Valence Electrons- The electrons on the outer most shell (valence shell) of an atom
Molecule- Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond.
Valence- An atoms capacity to bond with another atom. (valence electrons)
Electronegativity- The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. The more electronegative an atom is, the stronger it pulls shared electrons towards itself.
Covalent Bonds- The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
Ionic Bonds- When oppositely charged cations and anions attract each other
Cation- An ion that has a positive charge
Anion- A negatively charged ion
Hydrogen Bond- The noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.
VanDerWaals Interaction- Gecko. A weak bond, Changing regions of positive and negative charges that enable atoms to stick to each other.
Reactant- In a chemical reaction, the original unit before the conversion
Product- The end unit or result of a chemical reaction after the conversion
Chemical Equilibrium- When chemicals are reacting to each other, the point at which the reactions offset each other exactly.

CHAPTER 3

Polar Molecule- The unequal sharing of electrons. The overall charge is unevenly distributed.
Cohesion- When hydrogen bonds hold a substance together.
Adhesion- The clinging of one substance to another.
Surface Tension- A measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch the surface of a liquid.
Kinetic Energy- The energy of movement. Anything that moves has it.
Heat- A form of energy. A measure of the matters total kinetic energy.
Temperature- A measure of heat intensity. calorie- Unit of heat. The amount of heat it takes to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1 degree C
Specific Heat- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C
Heat of Vaporization-The amount of heat that must be absorbed in order for 1g of that substance to be converted from liquid to gas
Solvent- The dissolving agent of a solution. Salt in water, water is the solvent.
Solute- The substance that’s dissolved. Salt in water, salt is the solute
Hydration Shell- The sphere of water molecules surrounding a dissolved ion.
Hydrophilic- Anything that likes water.
Hydrophobic- Something that repels water. Oil lipids etc
Molecular Mass- The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule
Mole- The exact number of objects. 6.02x1023 (The molecular mass in grams = 1 mole)
Molarity- The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Hydrogen Ion- a hydrogen atom shifts from molecule to molecule, when it does this it leaves an electron behind in turn transferring a hydrogen ion
Hydroxide Ion- The water molecule that lost a proton after a hydrogen ion is formed.
Acid- a substance that increases the hydrogen ions concentration of a solution.
Base- reduces acidity in a solution pH Scale- a measurement of the potential hydrogen ion concentration. (1-14)
Buffer-A substance that minimizes change in the H+ (antacids etc.)

Chapter 4

Organic Chemistry- The branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of carbon compounds.
Hydrocarbon-Molecules that only contain carbon and hydrogen
Isomer- Compounds with the same number of atoms, but with different structures and properties.
Structural Isomer- Differ in their covalent arrangements.
Cis-trans Isomers- Have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but are spaced out differently. They cant rotate because of the double bond.
Enantiomer- Isomers that are mirror images of eachother, but differ in shape because of a carbon that is attached to 4 different atoms.
Functional Group- Groups of Chemical reactions.
Hydroxyl Group- A hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom. Polar. Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
Carbonyl Group- Double bonded carbon to oxygen.
Carboxyl Group- A double bonded carbon to oxygen that is also bonded to a Hydroxide Ion. (OH) Polar. Acts as an acid.
Amino Group- Nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms onto the carbon skeleton. Acts as a base.
Sulfhydryl Group- Sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen. Crosslinking stabilizes protein structure, Cystein. (curly straight hair)
Phosphate Group- A phosphorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms and one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton. Contributes a negative charge. Have the potential to react with water, releasing energy.
Methyl Group- A carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. Affects expression of genes. DNA.
ATP- Adenosine triphosphate. A complicated organic phosphate molecule. Stores the potential to react with water which releases energy that can be used by the cell. Every living thing uses it to produce energy on a cellular level.