At the time, weapons for smallpox were being manufactured by two older methods at a top-secret virus-munitions production plant near the city of Sergiyev Posad, forty-five miles northeast of Moscow. At another virus-munitions plant, near Pokrov, about two hundred miles southeast of Moscow, military virus-production specialists converted the plant to the new Vector method of making smallpox in the large virus bioreactors, but they never started the reaction. If one considers that a single person is infected with smallpox it would be considered a global medical emergency.…
In two paragraphs or more, describe how smallpox still threatens Earth 's human population. (Answer in 2 paragraphs or more.)…
The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-1782 affected many people. When a person caught smallpox they could already assume their lives were at ends. Smallpox came unexpectedly without a known cure. Throughout the book ,”Pox Americana”, by Elizabeth A. Fenn, she has a different story for each one of her chapters. Every story shares life experiences of different men that experience the same disease, variola or smallpox, in their lifetime. Elizabeth Fenn states, “Variola [small pox] was a virus of empire. It made winners and losers, at once serving the conquerors and determining whom they would be (Fenn, 275)”. Within this message she is saying that the deadly disease of smallpox hurt some more than others and due to death some people conquered while others perished. Elizabeth Fenn not only spoke of the disease itself but spoke primarily about what this disease did to shape historical events.…
Smallpox is an extremely deadly disease which, in one point in time, was the most feared disease on the planet. In the book Pox Americana, Elizabeth A. Fenn writes about the encounter with the deadly disease in the 1770's to the 1780's. Her book was first published in 2001 in New York City, where she originally wrote it. Her book contains just under 400 words that explain the disease, some of the first encounters with it, who and where it affected people, and how they got the epidemic under control. Pox Americana is a very informative book that teaches the reader various things.…
Smallpox emerged around 200 years after the Black Death, during the mid-14th century, and quickly became one of the biggest killers in the expanding world. (Dobson,p.130) Smallpox changed the beauty standards in Europe through the use of makeup, fashion, and accessories. This disease struck in all social classes of society and was not dependent on status, wealth, sanitary conditions, or hygiene. Because of that, smallpox was sometimes referred to as the “democratic” disease (Skold,p.145) People believe that the Inca and Aztec empire likely collapsed because of smallpox. Hernan Cortes and his 300 men attacked the Aztec capital a force of 300,00 and captured the city within the span of three months. (Altman. p.42) This likely occurred because the Spaniards have had years of exposure to smallpox due to Columbus crossing the Atlantic from Europe to Africa and carrying the disease. (Dobson,p.130) On the other hand, the Aztecs and Incas were not immune to the ravages of the disease and quickly became weak which led to the collapse of the civilizations. (Altman, p.42)…
The smallpox eradication through vaccination was possible at most due to one feature: there is no animal reservoir of smallpox, variola (VARV) spreads person to-person (11). Additionally, already early in the history those who bore pox scars were noted to be resistant to disease recurrence. And the persons who acquired smallpox through a scratch were witnessed to have attenuated course of disease. Buddhist nun sometime between 1022 and 1063 AD started an inoculation with smallpox pus or scabs either by a nasal or cutaneous route, a procedure known as variolation. This practice eventually spread to China, India and Turkey, and by the late 1700s, was practiced by European physicians (10). In 1798 the English physician Edward Jenner established a much safer practice, demonstrating that another poxvirus, CPXV, could be used to prevent smallpox infections in humans (10). After absorbing, that milkmaids who developed cowpox lesions are resistant to smallpox. Jenner took a fluid from a cowpox pustule on a dairymaid’s hand and used it for inoculation of an 8-year-old…
“He [Edward Jenner] was bled until pale, then purged and fasted repeatedly, until he wasted to a skeleton. He was denied solid food in favor of a vegetable drink that was supposed to sweeten the blood” (Kerns). Jenner’s miserable variolation experience made him realize how important it was to find a new way to prevent smallpox and helped him understand how his adversary worked. As a teenager, a milkmaid had told him, “Now I'll never take the Small pox, for I have had the Cow pox’’ (Unknown). Later in his life, it inspired the approach he took to eliminating smallpox.…
The discovery of the vaccine for smallpox disease ended a global outbreak of death and helped keep powerful empires from falling. Smallpox ranks among the most devastating illnesses ever suffered by humankind, smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus. The disease is spread through direct contact with infected people or body fluids or with contaminated objects. The disease is thought to have originated in India or Egypt about 3,000 years ago, with the earliest evidence dating back to 1157 B.C. In the 20th century it killed some 300 million people globally (National 1).…
Smallpox was a disease that plagued humankind for centuries, but it was also the only disease to be completely eradicated by vaccination. Edward Jenner’s discovery of the smallpox vaccination offered protection against the illness where no illness would develop. For the few that did survive smallpox, it was known that they became immune to the disease. Considering this, Jenner’s beginnings in the village of Gloucestershire led to him opening a practice as a village surgeon. While he was in his practice, he realized that the women who milked cows suffering from cowpox did not get smallpox. Subsequently, Jenner took the pus from one of the scabs of a milkmaid, and inoculated a young boy, James Phipps, with it. For that reason, Phipps gained immunity…
The Europeans transferred smallpox to the Natives when trading goods. Due to this some Natives tried their best to stay away from the explorers. Smallpox victims had little chance of survival. The way the Natives tried to cure the illness, actually made it worse. They would give the ill, sweat baths. The most known epidemic was in 1519, and it reduced the Huron tribe's population by 9000.…
Smallpox like many of the other diseases in the Victorian era was very much deadly.…
Between April and December of 1721, over six thousand colonists in Boston contracted a world-wide feared viral infection known as smallpox. After the occurrence of over nine hundred deaths in Boston alone, the infestation of this disease in the colony became known as the Smallpox Epidemic. During the epidemic, it became widely acknowledged that survivors of smallpox were immune to later occurrences of the disease. This led to the consideration of the medical practice of inoculation—the deliberate introduction of the living smallpox virus to cause a mild case of the disease that would provide immunity. In contrast to the claims of its creators, inoculation was not always successful and did result in a small number of deaths in patients, but…
Once the child recovered from the cowpox disease, Jenner then tried to infect the child with smallpox, but the young man proved to be immune. “It seemed that this attempt at vaccination had worked. But Jenner had to work on for two more years before his discovery was considered sufficiently tested by the medical profession to permit widespread introduction” (Alexander, 2003). Beginning in 1831 and culminating in 1835, due to increasing vaccination, smallpox deaths were down to one in a thousand. In 1853, it was deemed obligatory for all children born after the first of August to receive routine immunizations. By 1898, one hundred years after Edward Jenner’s unveiling of the vaccine, smallpox in London had fallen dramatically – to one in every 100,000 (less than 50 people per…
Diseases have been on the planet as long as people can remember. The Chinese used inoculation techniques as early as 1000 A.D. for smallpox (“Vaccines ProCon.org” 4). Though the Chinese were the first to come upon a form of vaccines, there were other countries who had their own forms of vaccines. Other inoculation…
According to Hinduism Varuna is one of the supreme deities of the cosmos from the Vedic times and considered responsible for bringing rain, for movement of sun in the sky. Lord Varuna is called as omnipotent and omniscient. He is lord of all water bodies and one of the most prominent deva in Rigveda. In Hindu mythology, Varuna continued to be considered the god of all forms of the water element, particularly the oceans.…