Transnational Actors and International Organizations in Global Politics
Transnational Actors and International Organizations in Global Politics
By Peter Willetts
From J. B. Baylis and S. Smith (eds.), The Globalisation of World Politics, (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, second edition, 2001), pp. 356-383. This copy does not contain the various boxes and diagrams that are in the book.
Please note that this document is set for A4 paper, so US users should change the File-PageSetUp-PaperSize to Letter before printing.
• Introduction
• Problems with the State-Centric Approach
• Transnational Companies as Political Actors
• Non-Legitimate Groups and Liberation Movements as Political Actors
• Non-Governmental Organizations as Political Actors
• International Organizations as Structures of Global Politics
• Issues and Policy Systems in Global Politics 305
READER’S GUIDE
The subject of International Relations originally covered simply the relations between states, for example Britain’s relations with India. Economic bodies and social groups, such as banks, industrial companies, students, environmentalists, and women’s organisations, were given secondary status as non-state actors. This two-tier approach has been challenged, particularly by the effects of globalisation. First, ambiguities in the meaning given to ‘a state’, and its mismatch with the contemporary world, result in it not being a useful concept. Greater clarity is obtained by analysing intergovernmental and inter-society relations, with no presumption that one sector is more important than the other. Second, we can recognize governments are losing sovereignty when faced with the economic activities of transnational companies and the violent threat from criminals and guerrillas. Third, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engage in such a web of global relations, including participation in diplomacy, that governments have lost their political independence. We conclude that events in any area of global policy-making have to be understood in terms of
By Peter Willetts
From J. B. Baylis and S. Smith (eds.), The Globalisation of World Politics, (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, second edition, 2001), pp. 356-383. This copy does not contain the various boxes and diagrams that are in the book.
Please note that this document is set for A4 paper, so US users should change the File-PageSetUp-PaperSize to Letter before printing.
• Introduction
• Problems with the State-Centric Approach
• Transnational Companies as Political Actors
• Non-Legitimate Groups and Liberation Movements as Political Actors
• Non-Governmental Organizations as Political Actors
• International Organizations as Structures of Global Politics
• Issues and Policy Systems in Global Politics 305
READER’S GUIDE
The subject of International Relations originally covered simply the relations between states, for example Britain’s relations with India. Economic bodies and social groups, such as banks, industrial companies, students, environmentalists, and women’s organisations, were given secondary status as non-state actors. This two-tier approach has been challenged, particularly by the effects of globalisation. First, ambiguities in the meaning given to ‘a state’, and its mismatch with the contemporary world, result in it not being a useful concept. Greater clarity is obtained by analysing intergovernmental and inter-society relations, with no presumption that one sector is more important than the other. Second, we can recognize governments are losing sovereignty when faced with the economic activities of transnational companies and the violent threat from criminals and guerrillas. Third, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engage in such a web of global relations, including participation in diplomacy, that governments have lost their political independence. We conclude that events in any area of global policy-making have to be understood in terms of
Links: www.un.org the United Nations home page, with separate links for the main organs and the major conferences. The site provides access to official documents and reports, but not any political analysis. www.conferenceofngos.org Conference of Non-Governmental Organisations in Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. www.oneworld.org a gateway to most of the active international NGOs. It can be used both to learn about particular organisations and to explore controversy about global issues. NOTES 1 Data on transnational corporations is given in annual reports from the United Nations. The figures quoted come from World Investment Report 1999, (Geneva: UN, 1999), pp. 5-6. A parent TNC is defined as one that controls assets outside its home country and a foreign affiliate is defined as a subsidiary, a branch or an associate in which the parent has a stake of at least 10% of the equity (p. 465). The numbers of transnational and international organizations of different types are given in the statistical tables of the various editions of the UIA yearbook. The figures quoted come from Yearbook of International Organisations 1999-2000 (Munich: K. G. Saur, for the Union of International Associations, 36th edn., 1999). In each case, the current author has rounded the figures. The total number of global actors has increased significantly compared to the data given in the first edition of this book: TNCs are up by 56%, their affiliates have more than doubled and INGOs are up by 24%. The number of intergovernmental organisations has dropped, because more than 15% of the regional IGOs have dissolved or become inactive. The UIA reports a minimal rise in the number of single-country NGOs that are internationally active (their categories G and N), but these categories are very difficult to define and to monitor. 2. Compare the World Investment Report 1999, which in Table III.1 lists 50 TNCs as having sales of more than $30 bn. in 1997, with the World Bank Atlas, 2000, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000), pp. 42-3, which gives GNP data for each country in 1998. Population data was taken from the Human Development Report 1999, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 198-200. 3. ECOSOC Resolution 288(X)B Arrangements for Consultation with Non-Governmental Organizations was passed in February 1950. It was amended and replaced by Resolution 1296(XLIV) in May 1968. A further process of review and amendment started in February 1993 and concluded in July 1996, with the passing of Resolution 1996/31. As specified in Table 15.1, the classifications were renamed in 1950, 1968, and 1996. The basic definition of an NGO has not changed since the 1950 resolution, but the details of their participation rights have been changed. Copied from C:WRITINGBAYLIS&S2ND-EDSENTCH15-NEW.V2, 24 August 2000 and minimally copy-edited for this web version.