∙ Italy hoped it would guarantee Austria as its frontier but it did not Comintern ∙ Communists International aimed to create the vision Marx had had of an international communist power ruling the world ∙ Headed by Stalin
1933:
Rise of Hitler, wanted to: destroy the Versailles settlement build up the army recover lost territory Lebensraum (living space for the German people)
Hitler withdrew Germany from World Disarmament Conference and from the League of Nations. He explained it by saying that France did not agree to Germany having equal armaments.
Mussolini and Italy: rivalry with France worried about the Brenner Pass friendly towards Greece, Hungary, and Albania → signed economic and defense agreements → Albania virtually controlled by Italy supported Britain, who rewarded Italy with a small part of Somaliland the second state to recognize the USSR supported anti-Nazi government of Chancellor Dollfuss in Austria
Stalin: wanted to weaken Social Democratic parties of Europe, who did not support the working classes of the Western world supported Collective Security
1934:
January – Hitler signed a 10 year non-aggression pact with Poland, which ruined France's Little Entente, guaranteed Polish neutrality when German moved against Czechoslovakia and Austria. Improved France's and the USSR's relations.
June – Hitler and Mussolini met for the first time. Mussolini started supporting Hitler.
July – The murder of Chancellor Dollfuss. Italy sent troops to Austria. The anti-Nazi move improved relations between France and Italy.
September – The USSR joined the League of Nations. Litvinov advocated disarmament and collective security against fascist offensives
∙ Stalin started seeing Hitler as a threat and with the Comintern, he aimed to grasp German militarism by building anti-fascist alliances.
1935:
January – Saar returned to Germany
March – Hitler reintroduced conscription of the Versailles settlement. Germany started building up an army that was 6 times bigger than allowed by the peace treaty.
April – Stresa Front: Mussolini joined Britain and France to convict the German action and guaranteeing Austria.
May – USSR formed defensive military alliances with France and Czechoslovakia
June – Anglo-German Naval Agreement. Hitler promised to decreace Germany's navalry to 35% that of Britain's → Mussolini convinced that Britain only thought of self-interest.
October – Italy invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
∙ The Comintern announced new policy: popular fronts (anti-fascist “umbrella” of governments). Consisted of leftists, liberals, moderates, and conservatives to oppose fascism. They were mainly formed in France and Spain.
1936:
∙ Spanish Civil War broke out
∙ Britain's, France's, and League of Nations' “non-intervention” -policy failed and assisted the anti-fascists of the Spanish Civil War.
∙ Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact
∙ Mussolini sent troops to assist Franco and justified it by saying it is to prevent the spreading of communism. He actually wanted: naval bases to threaten France establish a third fascist state
∙ Rome-Berlin Axis (November)
∙ Hitler sent troops to demilitarized Rhineland in March.
1937: Italy joined the Anti-Comintern Pact.
1938:
March – Anschluss of Austria: German troops moved to Austria, which became part of the Third Reich → revealed Britain's and France's weakness, they only protested but did not take action
→ marked beginning of the operation of uniting the German-speaking people of the Sudentenland
September – 29th Munich: USSR and Czechoslovakia not invited, “no war” agreement between Germany and Britain. Britain thought this was the savior from war but Hitler did not keep this promise. ∙ After Munich, Stalin abandoned collective security agreement proposals with the West.
1939:
March – Hitler pressured Father Jozef Tiso, the Prime Minister of Slovakia, to declare independence.
∙ 14th – Slovakia independent
∙ 15th – Slovakia asked for German protection. Germany occupied Czechoslovakia.
April – Hitler demanded Danzig to link East Prussia with Germany.
May – Mussolini signed a full alliance with Germany, “Pact of Steel” in which Italy promised full military support to Germany. Molotov replace Litvinov as commissar of foreign affairs.
August
∙ 23rd – Hitler and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact and a secret agreement to divide Poland with the two. This gave the USSR time to prepare against German attack even though it might have stopped the Nazis if Stalin would have allied with the West.
∙ 28th – Nazi-Soviet Pact formed
September
∙ 1st – Germany began to invade Poland
∙ 3rd – British and German agreement expired → war broke out between Britain and Germany. France also declared war with Germany.
∙ Staling began invading Poland
October – Finland allies with Britain and Germany to prepare for war against the USSR
November 30 – War broke out between the USSR and Finland.
∙ Stalin got negotiated permission to the Baltic.
1940:
March
∙ 13th, the USSR and Finland sign a peace treaty in Moscow.
June – The Baltic states were declared as Soviet republics.
1941:
April – German troops invade Yugoslavia
June
∙ German troops invade Russia
∙ Germany conquered France
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