Thermal power plant
Electrical Modeling of a Thermal Power
Station
Reinhard Kaisinger
Degree project in
Electric Power Systems
Second Level
Stockholm, Sweden 2011
XR-EE-ES 2011:010
ELECTRICAL MODELING
OF A THERMAL POWER STATION
Reinhard Kaisinger
Masters’ Degree Project
Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH)
Stockholm, Sweden 2011
XR-EE-ES 2011:010
Table of Contents
Page
ABSTRACT
V
SAMMANFATTNING
VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
VII
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
VIII
1
INTRODUCTION
1
2
BACKGROUND
3
2.1
2.2
Facilities in a Thermal Power Plant
3
Thermal Power Plant Operation
4
2.2.1 Fuel and Combustion
4
2.2.2 Rankine Cycle
4
Thermal Power Plant Control
6
2.3.1 Turbine Governor
7
Amagerværket Block 1
7
Frequency Control
9
2.5.1 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Continental Europe Power
System
9
2.5.2 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Nordic Power System
10
2.5.3 Decentralized Frequency Control Action
11
2.5.4 Centralized Frequency Control Action
12
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
MODELING
14
3.1
Modeling and Simulation Software
3.1.1 Acausality
3.1.2 Differential-Algebraic Equations
3.1.3 The ObjectStab Library
3.1.4 The ThermoPower Library
Connectors
Synchronous Generator
Steam Turbine
Control Valves
Boiler, Re-heater and Condenser
Overall Steam Cycle
Excitation System and Power System Stabilizer
Turbine Governor
Turbine-Generator Shaft
Overall Model
Boundary Conditions
Simplifications within the Model
3.13.1 Steam Cycle
3.13.2 Governor
3.13.3 Valves and Valve Characteristics
3.13.4 Electric Grid
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
22
23
23
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
28
28
29
30
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
ii
3.14
3.13.5 Turbine-Generator Shaft
3.13.6 Fuels
Simulation and Visualization
31
31
31
4
SIMULATION AND RESULTS
32
4.1
4.2
4.3
Open-Loop Test 1
Open-Loop Test 2
Frequency Drop in a Real Case
Station
Reinhard Kaisinger
Degree project in
Electric Power Systems
Second Level
Stockholm, Sweden 2011
XR-EE-ES 2011:010
ELECTRICAL MODELING
OF A THERMAL POWER STATION
Reinhard Kaisinger
Masters’ Degree Project
Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH)
Stockholm, Sweden 2011
XR-EE-ES 2011:010
Table of Contents
Page
ABSTRACT
V
SAMMANFATTNING
VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
VII
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
VIII
1
INTRODUCTION
1
2
BACKGROUND
3
2.1
2.2
Facilities in a Thermal Power Plant
3
Thermal Power Plant Operation
4
2.2.1 Fuel and Combustion
4
2.2.2 Rankine Cycle
4
Thermal Power Plant Control
6
2.3.1 Turbine Governor
7
Amagerværket Block 1
7
Frequency Control
9
2.5.1 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Continental Europe Power
System
9
2.5.2 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Nordic Power System
10
2.5.3 Decentralized Frequency Control Action
11
2.5.4 Centralized Frequency Control Action
12
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
MODELING
14
3.1
Modeling and Simulation Software
3.1.1 Acausality
3.1.2 Differential-Algebraic Equations
3.1.3 The ObjectStab Library
3.1.4 The ThermoPower Library
Connectors
Synchronous Generator
Steam Turbine
Control Valves
Boiler, Re-heater and Condenser
Overall Steam Cycle
Excitation System and Power System Stabilizer
Turbine Governor
Turbine-Generator Shaft
Overall Model
Boundary Conditions
Simplifications within the Model
3.13.1 Steam Cycle
3.13.2 Governor
3.13.3 Valves and Valve Characteristics
3.13.4 Electric Grid
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
22
23
23
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
28
28
29
30
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
ii
3.14
3.13.5 Turbine-Generator Shaft
3.13.6 Fuels
Simulation and Visualization
31
31
31
4
SIMULATION AND RESULTS
32
4.1
4.2
4.3
Open-Loop Test 1
Open-Loop Test 2
Frequency Drop in a Real Case
Bibliography: [3] Peter Fritzson, Principles of Object-Oriented Modeling and Simulation with Modelica 2.1.: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2004. [7] wikipedia.org. Thermal power station. 2007. [9] Prabha Kundur, Power system stability and control. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. [11] Jan Machowski, Power system dynamics: stability and control. Chichester: Wiley, 2008. [14] Modelica Association. Modelica Libraries. 2011. [16] Peter Fritzson and Vadim Engelson, "Modelica - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for System Modeling and Simulation," Linköping, 1998. [19] Francesco Casella and Alberto Leva, "Object-Oriented Modelling & Simulation of Power Plants with Modelica," , Milano, 2005. [20] Francesco Casella and Alberto Leva, "Modelica Open Library for Power Plant Simulation: Design and Experimental Validation," , Linköping, 2003, pp [21] Modelica Association. Modelica License Version 2. 2008. [22] Francesco Casella. The ThermoPower library Home Page. 2009. [35] Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit Bundesministeriums für Umwelt. 2011 Erneuerbare Energien 2010 (in German) [36] wikipedia.org. Regelleistung (in German). 2010.