The Short Term Significance Of The Yom Kippur War Of 1973 Essay 2

The Short term significance of the Yom Kippur War of 1973?
The Yom Kippur War took place in 1973 between Israel and the Arabs furthermore the 2 superpowers played subtle roles in this event . Israel won the war however with a higher cost then any previous wars . While the war did not conclude in an Arab military victory, both the Egyptian and Syrian armies had regained their honour and prestige(1). The War of Yom Kippur suprised the world in the means that it showed that the Arabs were a force to be reconed with. In summasation the war paved the way for significant changes to take place in Arab-Israeli relations.

The first consequence of the war was It showed that Arab soldiers could fight bravely and well when properly trained and motivated and that they could handle the most technologically advanced weapons. It proved that Israel was not invincible(2). This was proved when the Egyiptian force succesfully delt a huge blow to the unprepared Israelis forces what justifies this claim is the successful crossing of the Suez canal depicted in source (3). Before combat had broke out neither the UN or Israel belived that the countries military might could be challanged .As a positive bi product of the war ;Arab countries value had grown in the worlds eyes. Their honor had been restored, enabling their leaders at last to contemplate direct dialogue and peace with Israel, but not from a position of humiliating inferiority(4).Furthermore the Arab country leaders realised that the return of their territories could be achieved only through negotiations.(4)Never before was there such a shift in mood towards Israel .Previously the Arab Words solution to the Israel problem was to wipe them of the face of earth .Furthermore negotiations were unthinkable at the time between Israel and the Arab states ,this truly was a huge leap to better realtions. Arab worlds displaye in the oil embargo resulted in, both a big push towards acceding to Arab demands, and pressure on Israel to return to the pre-1967 borders. With considerable international support, Egypt was now able to “convince Israel to leave Sinai and withdraw from the occupied territories to the borders before the Six Day war (5) Yet another significance for Egypt was that the war brought a radical economic transformation, particularly due to oil revenues at Sinia. While Israel could claim to be the military victor Egypt, Syria and the Arab cause in general were clearly the political victors (6). Furthermore there was change in Sadat’s foreign policy Egypt moved towards the US and at the same time reduced Soviet influence . This was seen more advantageous on the long run due to the fact that the USA was seen as a more powerfull ally over the USSR .
(1)Badri, Magdoub & Zohdy ,(2)Carla L. Klausner, PhD ,(3) wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War (4)Benny Morris, (5)Neff,(6)Westwood, J

Also one might consider the fact that in order to keep long term peace with Israel it would highly benefit Egypt to be on good terms with the USA . Due to Egypts good realtionship with America it allowed Sadat to disengage from the Israeli conflict, and to pursue a regional peace policy what ultimately lead to the Camp David agreements.(7)

However it remains questionable why the USA became so friendly to Arab countries that they previously viewed in a condescending manner Source (8) suggest that the economy of the United States would have sufferd more if they let the Israel and Arab conflict continue. : Strategists worried that continued turmoil in the region would allow the Soviet Union to make trouble with the West’s energy supplies . The embargo had a huge impact on the United States (US) economy, in the twenty years before the war their energy consumption had doubled moreover gasoline shortages and inflated oil prices(9)further increased the affectivnes of the Arab oil weapon. World wide hyper inflation and massive job losses had occured to make matters even more worse it took years for Western countries economies to recover from the oil crisis. It was more economical to buy the Arab countries friendship rather then to suffer from a recession . Moreover an other motive of this action could be that the USA wanted the Middle Eastern zone out of the Cold Wars influence . The USSR action to Egypts policy was that it formed a close relationship with Syria providing it with economic aid and military assistance.

Besides the USA support the Arabs gain considerable bargaining power in the broader international community due to their success in the Yom Kippur war. This substantially contributed to their demands success rate. For example, Egypt was able to impose its will, and reopen the Suez Canal to international navigation (10).Furthermore Egypt and Israel received financial aid fom the US mainly to seel the peace treaty and out of feer of a future oil embargo that would hinder there countries economy . USA military aid increase 400 $ million 1971-1973 -- 1.5 billion 1974-1975 to Israel. Economic assistence to Cairo 8.5 $ million 1974 to 750$ million in 1976. Usa contributed to reconstruction of Suez Canal which reopend in 1975.(11)

(7) wikipedia.org,(8) voices.yahoo.com,(9) Laqueur, W, (10)Embassy of Israel,(11) William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton

The second country that the Yom Kippur war had an impact on is Israel . Up until the 1973 the military strength of the holy land was undoubtably the strongest in the Middle East. However the October 1973 war destroyed many myths(12) never before had Israel suffered as many losses (roughly 2300 dead), and huge losses of artillery, helicopters and aircrafts (13).Furthermore the Arabs proved that Israel was not invincible.(14) Which arguably initiatied drastich changes in Israels foreign policy towards Egypt. The war became know to most Israelies as „the earthquake” because of the fact that the war had undermined the faith of a vulnerable public in their leader’s ability to protect them. Consequently pressures resulted in the resignation of Golda Meir and her cabinet, and the establishment of a new government led by Yitzhak Rabin (15)Furthermore many Israelis were now persuaded that the territories could not be held indefinitely by force and that continued occupation would necessarily lead to further bouts of painful warfare. At last, and for the first time since June 1967, most Israelis were willing to contemplate giving up large chunks of land for peace.(16)

(put this paragraph between ISRAEL AND EGYPT paragraph )
Overall Egypt and Israel concluded that there differences could only be solved by peacefull means . The US played a vital role in peace negotiations Henry Kissinger shuttle diplomacpy yielded the first Egyptian-Israeli military disengagement agreement, witch resulted in Israel withdrawal of forces back across the Suez Canal furthermore in May 1974 Syria and Israel, with Kissinger's help, concluded a disengagement agreement by which Israel returned Syrian territory captured in the 1973 in the Golan region. A second Egyptian-Israeli agreement was concluded in September 1975. Additionaly in 1979 the Camp David accords were formed it consisted of 2 main documents the first one was the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt the second one was a peace agreement between the Arab world and Israel.
Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and Israel stated : Israels withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula. Israel agreed on withdrawing from the Sinai Peninsula within three years and dismantling its air bases in the Gulf of Aqaba and the town of Yamit. Egypt agreed on having full diplomatic relations with Israel and allowing Israel passage through the Suez Canal, the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba.(17)
Framework for Peace in the Middle East summarized principles for a comprehensive peace it stated that Israel had to withdraw its military government from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank so that the residents of these areas could elect autonomous authorities within a five-year period but a few troops were kept in reserve as a means of security.(18)

(13) Isseroff, A (12)(14) PhD, Professor (15) Blumberg, A (16)Ian J. Bickerton (17)(18) voices.yahoo.com
However not all prospect of the wars aftermath were succeses for instance president Sadat was shot by Arab nationalist for compromisng with Israel .Furthermore Egypt was expelled from the Arab League and was isolated from most of the middle East affairs in the 1980s .Nevertheless these consequences of the war were nothing compared to the suffering of Syria and Palestines. For Syria, the Yom Kippur War was a disaster. The unexpected Egyptian-Israeli cease-fire exposed Syria to military defeat, and Israel seized even more territory in the Golan Heights . However in 1973 Syria gained back it’s lands lost on the Gollen Highets to the pre -1973 boarder

A greater sufferer of the war were the Palestinian they had lost a powerfull ally furthermore there was no hope of any future diputes between Arab countries and Israel. People realized that they could not achieve an independent state with help from other Arab countries. Consequently the increasing number of refuges that fluctuated into Lebanon and Jordan turned to extremist goups such as the PLO in hopes of there own country . There were more and more boarder disputes between Jordan and Israel mainly because of the ongoing gorilla attacks orgainezed by the PLO . This lead to an Israel attack on refugee camps in Lebanon in 1978 and 1982 where supposadly terrorist attacks were coming from .

In summasation the war had many significant consequences. The Arab countries had regained there prestige in the worlds eyes .Furthermore Egypt had regained there lost territories and resolved possible future disputes with the Camp David agreements. Israel proved them selfs that they were still the greatest military powers in the middle east however realised that on the long term negotiating for peace rather then fighting for it was more appropriate . An other beneficiary was the USA who had been reassured that the arabs would no longer us there oil weapon .The significance of the Camp David agreements and other agreements was that is secured the Western worlds economy and peace in the long term in the middle east furthermore the USA would become an important mediator in future disputes. On the other hand Syria and the Palestinians were the losers of the war .Syria had sustained huge casulties and did not mannage to regain any territories lost from the Golan Height in the 1967 Six-Day war . However after the war the Arab states emerged as an economic and political power (19). Nevertheless biggest Arab loser of the war were the Palestenien people . Eventhough non of there soldiers died in the conflict nor did there econmy suffer a recession from the oil embargo there hopes of an independent state were eradicated at least until the Oslo accors 1993.

(19) Embassy of Israel, 1976 Bibliography
Books
Contemporary sources:
(1)Badri, H, Magdoub, T & Zohdy, M, 1974, The Ramadan War, 1973, T.N. Dupey: Virginia.
(10)(19)Embassy of Israel, 1976, October War, Press and Information Bureau: Canberra
(9)Laqueur, W, 1974, Confrontation: The Middle East and World Politics, Quadrangle/ The New York Times Book Co: New York.
Secondary source:
(2)Carla L. Klausner, PhD, Professor of the Modern Middle East at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, in their 2002 book A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
(4)Benny Morris, PhD, Professor of History at Ben-Gurion University, in his 2001 book Righteous Victims, wrote
(12)(14)PhD, Professor of the Modern Middle East at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, in their 2002 book A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
(16)Ian J. Bickerton, PhD, Professor of Middle Eastern History at the University of New South Wales, and Carla L. Klausner, PhD (15)Blumberg, A, 1998, The History of Israel, Greenwood: Westport. (5)Neff, D, 1988, Warriors against Israel, Amana: Vermont
(6)Westwood, J, 1984, The History of the Middle East Wars, Hamlyn: London
(11)William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton,2007,A History of the Modern Middle East
Internet
(13)Isseroff, A, 2005, Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary:Yom Kippur WarRetrieved October 16 2010 from: www.zionism-israel.com/dic/YomKippurWar.htm (8)(17)(18)http://voices.yahoo.com/an-overview-camp-david-accords-4202923.html?cat=49
(7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–United_States_relations sadat sentence
(3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War

(3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War

Plagarism : Their honor had been restored, enabling their leaders at last to contemplate direct dialogue
Plagarism : bravely and well when properly trained and motivated and that they could handle the most
While the war did not conclude in an Arab military victory, both the Egyptian
Modify these sentences

The Short term significance of the Yom Kippur War of 1973?
The Yom Kippur War took place in 1973 between Israel and the Arabs furthermore the 2 superpowers played subtle roles in this event . Israel won the war however with a higher cost then any previous wars . While the war did not conclude in an Arab military victory, both the Egyptian and Syrian armies had regained their honour and prestige(1). The War of Yom Kippur suprised the world in the means that it showed that the Arabs were a force to be reconed with due to there miltary might and economic damage inflected on the world. In summasation the war paved the way for significant changes to take place in Arab-Israeli relations.

The first consequence of the war was It showed that Arab soldiers could fight bravely when properly trained and motivated and that they could handle the most technologically advanced weapons. It proved that Israel was not invincible(2). This was proved when the Egyiptian force succesfully delt a huge blow to the unprepared Israelis forces what justifies this claim is the successful crossing of the Suez canal depicted in source (3). Before combat had broke out neither the UN or Israel belived that Israels military might could be challanged .Previously the Arabs were associated with bad organization and inferior wepons however this all changed as product of the war Arab countries value had grown in the worlds eyes. Their honor had been restored, enabling their leaders at last to contemplate direct dialogue and peace with Israel, but not from a position of humiliating inferiority(4).Furthermore the Arab country leaders realised that the return of their territories could be achieved only through negotiations.(4)The source is writen from a neutral stance however the narration is done from an Israely perspective so the author could be slightly bias. Never before was there such a shift in mood towards Israel .Previously the Arab Words solution to the Israel problem was to wipe them of the face of earth .Furthermore negotiations had been unthinkable at the time between Israel and the Arab states due to the memories of the of the previously failed wars,negotiations were truly was a huge leap to better realtions. Arab worlds displaye in the oil embargo resulted in, both a big push towards acceding to Arab demands, and pressure on Israel to return to the pre-1967 borders manly because of fear from an economic recession. With considerable international support mainly from the USA, Egypt was now able to convince Israel to leave Sinai and withdraw from the occupied territories (5) furthermore it paved the way for the Camp David agreements. In wich Egypt agreed on having full diplomatic relations with Israel and allowing Israel passage through the Suez Canal, the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba for Yet another significance for Egypt was that the war brought a radical economic transformation, particularly due to oil revenues at Sinia the significance of an economic boost was that Egypt would rather persue peace over war in order to sustain economic growth . While Israel could claim to be the military victor Egypt, Syria and the Arab cause in general were clearly the political victors (6). Furthermore there was change in Sadat’s foreign policy Egypt moved towards the USA reducing Soviet influence dus calming Cold War tensions in the region. This was seen more advantageous on the long run due to the fact that the USA promotied peace and was a more powerfull ally than the USSR .

(1)Badri, Magdoub & Zohdy ,(2)Carla L. Klausner, PhD ,(3) wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War (4)Benny Morris, (5)Neff,(6)Westwood, J

Also one might consider the fact that in order to keep long term peace with Israel it would highly benefit Egypt to be on good terms with the USA . Due to Egypts good realtionship with America it allowed Sadat to disengage from the Israeli conflict, and to pursue a regional peace policy what ultimately lead to the Camp David agreements.(7)The source is unreliable due to the authors annonomisity however from an analytical perspective the notion in the source is correct . Additionally what strengthend the Arabs barganing power was the damage coused by the oil embargo . World wide hyper inflation and massive job losses had occured to make matters even more worse it took years for Western countries economies to recover from the oil crisis.
However it remains questionable why the USA became so friendly to Arab countries that they previously viewed in a condescending manner Source (8) suggest that the economy of the United States would have sufferd more if they let the Israel and Arab conflict continue. The neutral sources reliablity is questionable but it shows a possible motive behind the USAs actions. Continued turmoil in the region would have allowed the Soviet Union to make trouble with the West’s energy supplies futhermore Cold War tension would be on the rise again. The embargo had a huge impact on the United States (US) economy, in the twenty years before the war their energy consumption had doubled moreover gasoline shortages and inflated oil prices(9)further increased the affectivnes of the Arab oil weapon. It was more economical to buy the Arab countries friendship rather then to suffer from a recession . Moreover an other motive of this action could be that the USA wanted the Middle Eastern zone out of the Cold Wars influence . The USSR action to Egypts policy was that it formed a close relationship with Syria providing it with economic aid and military assistance securing a foot hold in the region.Besides the USA support the Arabs gain considerable bargaining power in the broader international community due to their oil weapon in the Yom Kippur war. This substantially contributed to their demands success rate. For example, Egypt was able to impose its will, and reopen the Suez Canal to international navigation (10). The source is writen in a neutral but Israely perspective about the Arabs achievments . Furthermore Egypt and Israel received financial aid fom the US mainly to seel the peace treaty and due to feer from a future oil embargo that would hinder there countries economy . USA military aid increase 400 $ million 1971-1973 -- 1.5 billion 1974-1975 to Israel . Economic assistence to Cairo 8.5 $ million 1974 to 750$ million in 1976. USA contributed to reconstruction of Suez Canal which reopend in 1975.(11)The possible motive behind this action was to restart Egypts economy so that the Arab country would not consider any future wars due to a possible economic and living standards decline. However these actions would have not yielded succes if it werent for Henry Kissingers shuttle diplomacy. With Kissingers help Israel and Egypt concluded many disengadment agreements including the 1979 Camp David agreements what was crutial for long term peace to exist between Israel and the Arab states.

(7) wikipedia.org,(8) voices.yahoo.com,(9) Laqueur, W, (10)Embassy of Israel,(11) William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton

The second country that the Yom Kippur War had an impact on is Israel . Up until the 1973 the military strength of the Jewish state was undoubtably the strongest in the Middle East. However the October 1973 War destroyed many myths(12) never before had Israel suffered as many losses (roughly 2300 dead), and huge losses of artillery, helicopters and aircrafts (13).The source a legitimate Israeli resource that porvides reliable statistics about the casulties sufferd.Furthermore the Arabs proved that Israel was not invincible.(14This was a huge schock for the army and for the Israeli people. The shock arguably initiatied drastich changes in Israels foreign policy towards Egypt . Furthermore the war had undermined the faith of a vulnerable public in their leader’s ability to protect them. Consequently pressures resulted in the resignation of Golda Meir and her cabinet, and the establishment of a new government led by Yitzhak Rabin (15).The source is relibale becuse it has been writen by a historian from the Isreli point of view . Furthermore many Israelis were now persuaded that the territories could not be held indefinitely by force and that continued occupation would necessarily lead to further bouts of painful warfare. At last, and for the first time since June 1967, most Israelis were willing to contemplate giving up large chunks of land for peace.(16) The source has been writen from an Israeli perspective and illustrates the mood shift of Israels attitude towards Egypt.

(put this paragraph between ISRAEL AND EGYPT paragraph )
Overall Egypt and Israel concluded that there differences could only be solved by peacefull means . The US played a vital role in peace negotiations Henry Kissinger shuttle diplomacpy yielded the first Egyptian-Israeli military disengagement agreement, witch resulted in Israel withdrawal of forces back across the Suez Canal furthermore in May 1974 Syria and Israel, with Kissinger's help, concluded a disengagement agreement by which Israel returned Syrian territory captured in the 1973 in the Golan region. A second Egyptian-Israeli agreement was concluded in September 1975. Additionaly in 1979 the Camp David accords were formed it consisted of 2 main documents the first one was the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt the second one was a peace agreement between the Arab world and Israel.
Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and Israel stated : Israels withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula. Israel agreed on withdrawing from the Sinai Peninsula within three years and dismantling its air bases in the Gulf of Aqaba and the town of Yamit. Egypt agreed on having full diplomatic relations with Israel and allowing Israel passage through the Suez Canal, the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba.(17)
Framework for Peace in the Middle East summarized principles for a comprehensive peace it stated that Israel had to withdraw its military government from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank so that the residents of these areas could elect autonomous authorities within a five-year period but a few troops were kept in reserve as a means of security.(18)

(13) Isseroff, A (12)(14) PhD, Professor (15) Blumberg, A (16)Ian J. Bickerton (17)(18) voices.yahoo.com
However not all prospect of the wars aftermath were succeses for instance president Sadat was shot by Arab nationalist for compromisng with Israel .Furthermore Egypt was expelled from the Arab League and was isolated from most of the middle East affairs in the 1980s .Nevertheless these consequences of the war were nothing compared to the suffering of Syria and Palestines. For Syria, the Yom Kippur War was a disaster. The unexpected Egyptian-Israeli cease-fire exposed Syria to military defeat, and Israel seized even more territory in the Golan Heights . However in 1973 Syria gained back it’s lands lost on the Gollen Highets to the pre -1973 boarder

A greater sufferer of the war were the Palestinian they had lost a powerfull ally furthermore there was no hope of any future diputes between Arab countries and Israel. People realized that they could not achieve an independent state with help from other Arab countries. Consequently the increasing number of refuges that fluctuated into Lebanon and Jordan turned to extremist goups such as the PLO in hopes of there own country . There were more and more boarder disputes between Jordan and Israel mainly because of the ongoing gorilla attacks orgainezed by the PLO . This lead to an Israel attack on refugee camps in Lebanon in 1978 and 1982 where supposadly terrorist attacks were coming from .

In summasation the war had many significant consequences. The Arab countries had regained there prestige in the worlds eyes .Furthermore Egypt had regained there lost territories and resolved possible future disputes with the Camp David agreements. Israel proved them selfs that they were still the greatest military powers in the middle east however realised that on the long term negotiating for peace rather then fighting for it was more appropriate . An other beneficiary was the USA who had been reassured that the arabs would no longer us there oil weapon .The significance of the Camp David agreements and other agreements was that is secured the Western worlds economy and peace in the long term in the middle east furthermore the USA would become an important mediator in future disputes. On the other hand Syria and the Palestinians were the losers of the war .Syria had sustained huge casulties and did not mannage to regain any territories lost from the Golan Height in the 1967 Six-Day war . However after the war the Arab states emerged as an economic and political power (19). Nevertheless biggest Arab loser of the war were the Palestenien people . Eventhough non of there soldiers died in the conflict nor did there econmy suffer a recession from the oil embargo there hopes of an independent state were eradicated at least until the Oslo accors 1993.