the second council of nicaea, also known as the seventh ecumenical council of the Christian church, was established in 787. Between 258 and 335 bishops were present, presided over by tarasius, who was patriarch of constantinople. the council had been gathered together to discuss the use of icons, a practice which was condemned by the council of hieria, years earlier. Constantine V, a man known to be very talented, led a campaign against icons that had been led by his father, emperor leo III. THis council represented a variety of different churches and established a belief called iconoclasm to be taught in the orthodox church. this belief involved the destruction of these religious…
The second council of nicaea was convened by empress irene on september 24, 787 and took place in the hagia sophia in nicaea. the purpose of this council was to discuss a practice that was already condemned by the council of hieria 33 years ago. the practice discussed was the use of icons. the conflict started with Emperor Leo III when he actively made movements against this practice. part of his campaign against this practice was at the council of hieria which was during leo's reign. Then the campaign continued with Constantine V, his son. THis discussion of iconoclasm continued after Constantine V and his son died because Irene was the only one who took the throne. Irene called for another council to discuss whether they should use icons…
Dr. King was a well-known civil rights activist, he left behind many examples within his speeches of how he believed we as a community could change the world for the better. He worked diligently to end segregation and reduce the amount of hatred. Even today we still experience discrimination in our everyday lives but not to the extent during his time. Change is hard for people to accept no matter how small or how large. In Dr. King’s I Have a Dream speech, Letter from Birmingham Jail, and Why We Can’t Wait he vividly expresses his feelings towards the problems facing his community and gives solutions to solve them.…
“Lincoln was one of the most democratic and also one of the most autocratic of presidents.”…
Mother of God, or “Theotokos” in Greek, is a title for Mary that was declared at the Council of Ephesus (431). Prior to this, it was questionable as to whether Mary should be referred to as Theotokos or Christotokos, because the dual nature of Jesus wasn’t explained at an ecumenical council; thus, there were various understandings of Jesus’ divinity, which impacted Mary’s status. Consequently, the Church had to define the Trinity. At the Council of Nicaea (325) the term homoousious was affirmed to explain the relationship between the Son and the Father. As a result of this Mary could be deemed Theotokos, Mother of God, because she gave birth to Jesus, who has the same divine ousia as the Father and the Holy Spirit; thus, Jesus is God and Mary is the Theotokos.…
The Christological controversies of the fourth and fifth centuries were debates regarding the nature of Christ, and in particular the issue of his humanity versus his divinity. Docetism is a position which undermines the integrity of the humanity of Jesus because it claims that Jesus is fully divine but not truly human, because he is God merely adopting the appearance of being human. Arianism is the belief that Jesus is superior to the rest of creation but not equal to God because Jesus was created by God and thus is not eternal unlike God. The Council of Nicaea in 325 was called to fight against Arianism. The Council developed the Nicene Creed which states that the Father and the Son are of one essence and hence Jesus is fully divine. The Council of Constantinople reaffirmed this decision. Nestorius undermined the unity of Jesus by claiming that Mary was the Mother of the human Jesus but not the divine Jesus, to suggest that there were two persons within Jesus. The Council of Ephesus in 431 CE rejected this view and confirmed the notion that there was only one person in Jesus and therefore Mary could rightfully be called the Mother of God.…
“ All women, not obedient, had better become so as soon as possible, and let the wicked spirit depart, and become vessels of truth” (Johnson and Wilentz p.93). Matthias passed judgment on all who would cross his path especially women. The Kingdom of Matthias describes the life of an American man’s religious revivalism, describes a story of sex, society and religion .The core theme was the impact of the Second Great Awakening concerning on the lives of the American people and society. The lives of men and women of the Second Great Awakening were shaped by their beliefs in God and the belief that the Truth would set them free from all the sins that they have committed. In Matthias’ case he realized that the words of those around him were wrong,…
In the late 1820s and 1830s a religious revival called the Second Great Awakening had a strong impact on the American religion and reform. It grew partly out of evangelical opposition to the deism associated with the French Revolution and gathered strength in 1826, when Charles Grandsoin Finney preacher conducted a revival. Many people saw religion as a social gathering since people didn’t get out much in the 1800s it made going to church and being holy a more enjoyable activity then we would see it today.…
Christianity is an ancient religion that is centered on the teachings of Christ. The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion, its followers and the Church with its various denominations, from the first century to the present. Christianity was founded in the 1st century in the Levant region of the Middle East by Jesus of Nazareth, who is prophesied in the Old Testament to be the Christ or chosen one of God. This religion has been around since 4BC-30AD (the time of Christ). The early Christians believed that there were seven heavens, one physically above the other. They also believed that god is Omni-present, rather than enthroned in the highest heaven. Like the latter, Christianity was originally a movement of oppressed people it first appeared as the religion of slaves and emancipated slaves of poor people deprived of all rights of peoples subjugated or dispersed by Rome. Christianity was the recognized state religion in the Roman World Empire.…
As Emperor Constantine saw this he decided to end the persecution of Christians. It was a bold move seeing’s as though these persecutions had been going on since Nero’s reign. He issued the Edict of Milan. The Edict of Milan announced that Christianity was accepted and that Christianity was favored at the court of Constantine. But Constantine did not come to the Edict of Milan on his own. He came to this conclusion during a battle during a civil war. Constantine was convinced that God had helped him in this critical battle. (Christianity). The Edict of Milan wanted to give all men the “unrestricted right” to follow whichever religion they wanted to. (Rogers) Constantine declared his loyalty to Christianity, and his rule established influence over religious conflicts within the church. In 325, he also sponsored the Council of Nicaea, this council tried to answer all of the open ended questions about the religion.…
The Church is both human and divine. History has proved that at times the human element uses the Church to meet its desires in the world. Immorality, nepotism etc. are seen here and there. These are problems originating from the Church leaders themselves. Moreover, some Christians took the responsibility of explaining the Word and other ecclesiastical issues in their own hands, ignoring the Magisterium and in so doing, they ended up being heretics. The inspiration of the Holy Spirit enthused the leaders of the Church to summon Ecumenical Councils which were to correct doctrinal as well as disciplinary issues. Thus, the Councils of Nicea, Constantinople, Ephesus, Chalcedon, Trent, etc., were called or convoked by the Popes who wished to fulfill their duty as successors to Peter who was himself a successor to Christ.…
The Nicene Creed was originally formulated at the 1 Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church held in Nicea in the year 325 and was later amplified, adopted and authorized as a true expression of the faith at nd the 2 Ecumenical Council in Constantinople in 381. The Nicene Creed built upon the profession of faith in the Apostles’ Creed, defending against many of the th heresies of the time. The primary and most prominent was Arianism, a heresy of the 4 century that was named for its author, Arias, a priest in Alexandria. Arianism denied the full divinity of Jesus Christ and debate over his doctrine agitated the Church for more than half a century. Arias sought to safeguard the absolute transcendence of God by teaching that God is unbegotten and without…
Arians thought and Athanasius in a big way affected the development of theology, especially in relation to the trinity and the early church. Theologians all over the Roman Empire challenged this belief. The question is that if Jesus is not God then how the human race could claim to be saved through him ("Arius and Athanasius: Early Christian Disputes"). This caused a big divide in the Christian community that encouraged for Emperor Constantine to call for the council of Nicaea. Both parties faced exiles at some point in the course of this great debate. In as much as those of Athanasius´s school of thought won the argument, it continues to occur in recent times. An individual Christian would find them selves leaning towards the teaching of Arius due to the logical sense that his argument brings to the table (Gwatkin,…
The Council of Nicea established the equality of Father and Son and documented this in a creed, or universal statement of faith, to which all but two attending bishops agreed. The dissenting bishops were exiled, as was Arius himself. After this council, orthodox Christians agreed on the critical point that Jesus and God were equally divine and created of the same substance. The council also condemned the practice of money lending by clerics and attempted, unsuccessfully, to standardize the date of…
Emperor Theodosius called for a general council to meet in Ephesus in AD 431. The Pope arrived with 50 of his bishops and some monks. Delegates from Asia, Jerusalem and later Rome all supported St. Cyril’s…