The Influence of Gender Inequality on Economic Growth
The Influence of Gender Inequality on Economic Growth
¨ Hausarbeit im Rahmen des Hauptseminars ”Okonomie des Geschlechterverhaltens in der Geschichte” von Prof. Dr. Baten im SS 2004
David G¨mbel u Quellgasse 16 72070 T¨bingen u Informatik
Contents
1 Introduction 2 Gender Inequality and Economic Growth 2.1 Recent Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 3
3 Analysis of the Impact of Gender Inequality on Growth in Industrialized Countries 4 3.1 Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2 Construction of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 Results from Cross-Country Regressions 4.1 Explanation and Prediction of the Level of GNP 4.2 Explanation of Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Discussion of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Measurement of Economic Progress . . . 4.3.2 Inequality in Employment . . . . . . . . 4.3.3 Inequality in Education . . . . . . . . . 5 Conclusion A Tables: Level of GNP per capita explained B Tables: Level of GNP per capita predicted C Tables: Absolute Growth of GNP per capita explained 8 8 10 11 11 12 13 15 16 17 18
per capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
D Tables: Percentage of Growth of GNP per capita explained 19
1
Introduction
Inequality between man and woman can be of various kinds. As far as economic aspects are considered, biases in life expectancy, education, jurisdiction, and professional life are among the top suspects that might deserve closer investigation. However, in very general, it seems neccessary to clarify that inequality in itself does not neccessarily need to be something to be considered as negative. As a blunt example, differences in heigth and bodily strength between the two sexes are certainly not of discriminatory nature, but simply a biological fact. Thus, when attempting
¨ Hausarbeit im Rahmen des Hauptseminars ”Okonomie des Geschlechterverhaltens in der Geschichte” von Prof. Dr. Baten im SS 2004
David G¨mbel u Quellgasse 16 72070 T¨bingen u Informatik
Contents
1 Introduction 2 Gender Inequality and Economic Growth 2.1 Recent Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 3
3 Analysis of the Impact of Gender Inequality on Growth in Industrialized Countries 4 3.1 Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2 Construction of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 Results from Cross-Country Regressions 4.1 Explanation and Prediction of the Level of GNP 4.2 Explanation of Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Discussion of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Measurement of Economic Progress . . . 4.3.2 Inequality in Employment . . . . . . . . 4.3.3 Inequality in Education . . . . . . . . . 5 Conclusion A Tables: Level of GNP per capita explained B Tables: Level of GNP per capita predicted C Tables: Absolute Growth of GNP per capita explained 8 8 10 11 11 12 13 15 16 17 18
per capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
D Tables: Percentage of Growth of GNP per capita explained 19
1
Introduction
Inequality between man and woman can be of various kinds. As far as economic aspects are considered, biases in life expectancy, education, jurisdiction, and professional life are among the top suspects that might deserve closer investigation. However, in very general, it seems neccessary to clarify that inequality in itself does not neccessarily need to be something to be considered as negative. As a blunt example, differences in heigth and bodily strength between the two sexes are certainly not of discriminatory nature, but simply a biological fact. Thus, when attempting
References: [1] Klasen, Stephan, Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development? Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions, 1999, The World Bank, Washington D.C. [2] Seguino, Stephanie, Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A CrossCountry Analysis, 2000, World Development, Vol. 28 No. 7, pp. 12111230 [3] Seguino, Stephanie, Accounting for Asian Economic Growth: Adding Gender to the Equation, 2000, Feminist Economics Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 27-58 [4] Dollar, David and Gatti, Roberta, Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth: Are Good Times Good for Women?, 1999, The World Bank, Washington D.C. [5] Black, B., Trainor, M., and Spencer, J.E., Wage protection systems, segregation and gender pay inequalities: West Germany, the Netherlands and Great Britain, 1999, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 23, pp. 449-464 [6] World Data, World Bank indicators on CD-ROM, 1995, The World Bank, Washington D.C.