the effects of early pregnancies
TYPES AND PREVALENCE OF BIRTH DEFECTS AMONG BABIES BORN TO MOTHERS ON ARV DRUGS AND THEIR COUNTER-PARTS IN MBARARA, UGANDA.
BY
DR. NTUUYO FRED
MBChB, MSc. Anat (MUST)
SUPERVISOR
--------------------------------------------
A research proposal written as a requirement for PhD research in human anatomy
March 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE …………………………………………………………………….... 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………. 2
ACRONYMS USED ……….……………………………………………….4
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………. 5
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ……………………………………….... 6
1.1: Background ………………………………………………….…..6 1.1.1: Genetic factors ………………………………………... 7 1.1.2: Twinning ……………………………….……………... 8 1.1.3: Environmental factors ……………….……………….... 8
1.2: Types of ARV drugs .................................................................. 10 1.2.1: NRTIs ……………………………………………… 11 1.2.2: NNRTIs ……………………………………………. 12 1.2.3: Protease Inhibitors……………………………….….. 12 1.2.4: Entry/Fusion Inhibitors………………………….….... 12 1.2.5: Integrase Inhibitors …………………………….…….. 13
1.3: History of HAART and PMTCT………………….……………13
1.4: Statement of the problem ……………………….……………. 15
1.5: Research Significance…………………………….…….……... 15
1.6: General Objective…………………………………………….. 16
1.7: Specific Objectives …………………………………………… 16
1.8: Hypothesis …………………………………………………..… 16
1.9. Conceptual Framework ………………………………… …… 17
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………… 18
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………. 23
3.1: Study Subjects/Area of study ………………..………………. 23
3.2: Research Design/Data collection…….……............................... 24
3.3: Data analysis and Presentation................................................... 26
REFERENCES ………………………………………….………………....27
Appendix i: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE ……………………………32
Appendix ii: RESEARCH BUDGET ……………………….……………. 45
Appendix iii: RESEARCH TIME FRAME ……………………………… 46
ACRONYMS USED
HAART –
BY
DR. NTUUYO FRED
MBChB, MSc. Anat (MUST)
SUPERVISOR
--------------------------------------------
A research proposal written as a requirement for PhD research in human anatomy
March 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE …………………………………………………………………….... 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………. 2
ACRONYMS USED ……….……………………………………………….4
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………. 5
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ……………………………………….... 6
1.1: Background ………………………………………………….…..6 1.1.1: Genetic factors ………………………………………... 7 1.1.2: Twinning ……………………………….……………... 8 1.1.3: Environmental factors ……………….……………….... 8
1.2: Types of ARV drugs .................................................................. 10 1.2.1: NRTIs ……………………………………………… 11 1.2.2: NNRTIs ……………………………………………. 12 1.2.3: Protease Inhibitors……………………………….….. 12 1.2.4: Entry/Fusion Inhibitors………………………….….... 12 1.2.5: Integrase Inhibitors …………………………….…….. 13
1.3: History of HAART and PMTCT………………….……………13
1.4: Statement of the problem ……………………….……………. 15
1.5: Research Significance…………………………….…….……... 15
1.6: General Objective…………………………………………….. 16
1.7: Specific Objectives …………………………………………… 16
1.8: Hypothesis …………………………………………………..… 16
1.9. Conceptual Framework ………………………………… …… 17
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………… 18
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………. 23
3.1: Study Subjects/Area of study ………………..………………. 23
3.2: Research Design/Data collection…….……............................... 24
3.3: Data analysis and Presentation................................................... 26
REFERENCES ………………………………………….………………....27
Appendix i: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE ……………………………32
Appendix ii: RESEARCH BUDGET ……………………….……………. 45
Appendix iii: RESEARCH TIME FRAME ……………………………… 46
ACRONYMS USED
HAART –
References: Abdi-Rad Isa, Khoshkalam, Hamid-Reza and Farrokh-Islamlou (2008). The prevalence at birth of overt congenital anomalies in Urmia, Northwestern Iran. Arch. Iranian Med. 11(2): 148-151. Anonymous (2006). Birth defects. Accessed on February 14th 2008 from http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/4439 1206.asp Chen C Finkel Richard, Luigi X., Cubeddu and Clark Michelle A. (2009). Lippincot’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology. 4th Ed. Lippincot Williams and Wilkins. Furtado M. R., Callaway D. S. and Phair J. P. (1999). Persistence of HIV-1 transcription in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 340: 1614-1622. Lenz W. (1988). A short history of thalidomide embryology. Teratology 38: 203 in Moore Keith L. & Persaud T. V. N. (1998). The Developing Human: Clinically oriented Embryology. 6th edition; W. B. Saunders; Philadelphia, Pennyslvania. McBride W Moore Keith L. & Persaud T. V. N. (1998). The Developing Human: Clinically oriented Embryology. 6th edition; W. B. Saunders; Philadelphia, Pennyslvania. Rang H Sadler T. W. (2004). Langman’s Medical Embryology. 9th edition; Lipincott Williams and Wilkins; Baltimore, U.S.A. Sadler T. W. (2005). Langman’s Essential Medical Embryology. Lipincott Williams and Wilkins; Baltimore, U.S.A. Saitoh A., Hull A. D., Franklin P. and Spector S. A. (2005). Myelomeningocele in an infant with intrauterine exposure to Efavirenz. J. Perinatol. 25(8): 555-6. Thorne C. and Newell M. L. (2003). Antenatal and neonatal antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected women and their infants: a review of safety issues. Med Wieku Rozwoj 7(4Pt 1): 425-36. Thorne C. and Newell M. L. (2005). The safety of antiretroviral drugs in pregnancy. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 4(2): 323-35. Walker Roger and Clive Edwards (2003). Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 3rd Ed. Churchill Livingstone. Wongvipat Nancy (2001). HAART works! Retrieved on 19th February 2010 from http://www.thebody.com/content/treat/art4826.html Appendix i: RESEARCH QUESTIONAIRRE