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(1789&1945 bZloh)
®
INSPIRED BY LIFE
Sikkim Manipal University
Manipal
INSPIRED BY LIFE
Directorate of Distance Education
Sikkim Manipal University
BAHH404/BAPH404 B1791
SIKKIM MANIPAL UNIVERSITY (SMU DDE)
Dean Directorate of Distance Education Sikkim Manipal University (SMU DDE)
BOARD OF STUDIES
Chairman HOD Arts and Humanities SMU DDE Dr Ramesh Murthy, Director, SMU DE
Dr Gayathri Devi, Dean, SMU DE Dr Shivram Krishnan, Professor & HOD, A&H, SMU DDE Srinath P.S., Additional Registrar, Student Evaluation, SMU DDE Ashok Kumar K., Additional Registrar, SMU DDE Dr Vijay Kumar Tiwary, Assistant Professor, University of Delhi Dr Nirja Sharma, Guest Lecturer, University of Delhi Dr S.L. Lodha, Former Associate Professor Rajasthan University Jaipur Dr Sunhir Kumar, Assistant Professor BBA University Lucknow Dr Aruna Sharma, Associate Professor GDM Girls PG College Modinagar
Additional Registrar SMU DDE Controller of Examination SMU DDE Director SMU DDE
Edition: Fall 2011 Print: Printed at Manipal Technologies Ltd Published on behalf of Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim by Vikas® Publishing House Pvt Ltd Author:
Dr. Nirja Sharma
Units (1, 2, 3.6, 3.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.8–5.10, Unit 6, 7.1–7.3, 7.5–7.7, Unit 8, 9.1–9.3, Unit 10, 11.6–11.12, Unit 12, 13.3–13.5) © Author 2013 Vikas Publishing House: Units (3.1–3.5, 3.8–3.13, Unit 4, 5.3–5.7, 5.11–5.16, 7.4, 7.8–7.14, 9.4–9.9, 11.1–11.5, 13.1, 13.2, 13.6–13.10) © Reserved 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Information contained in this book has been pre-approved by SMU and published by
(1789&1945 bZloh)
®
INSPIRED BY LIFE
Sikkim Manipal University
Manipal
INSPIRED BY LIFE
Directorate of Distance Education
Sikkim Manipal University
BAHH404/BAPH404 B1791
SIKKIM MANIPAL UNIVERSITY (SMU DDE)
Dean Directorate of Distance Education Sikkim Manipal University (SMU DDE)
BOARD OF STUDIES
Chairman HOD Arts and Humanities SMU DDE Dr Ramesh Murthy, Director, SMU DE
Dr Gayathri Devi, Dean, SMU DE Dr Shivram Krishnan, Professor & HOD, A&H, SMU DDE Srinath P.S., Additional Registrar, Student Evaluation, SMU DDE Ashok Kumar K., Additional Registrar, SMU DDE Dr Vijay Kumar Tiwary, Assistant Professor, University of Delhi Dr Nirja Sharma, Guest Lecturer, University of Delhi Dr S.L. Lodha, Former Associate Professor Rajasthan University Jaipur Dr Sunhir Kumar, Assistant Professor BBA University Lucknow Dr Aruna Sharma, Associate Professor GDM Girls PG College Modinagar
Additional Registrar SMU DDE Controller of Examination SMU DDE Director SMU DDE
Edition: Fall 2011 Print: Printed at Manipal Technologies Ltd Published on behalf of Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim by Vikas® Publishing House Pvt Ltd Author:
Dr. Nirja Sharma
Units (1, 2, 3.6, 3.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.8–5.10, Unit 6, 7.1–7.3, 7.5–7.7, Unit 8, 9.1–9.3, Unit 10, 11.6–11.12, Unit 12, 13.3–13.5) © Author 2013 Vikas Publishing House: Units (3.1–3.5, 3.8–3.13, Unit 4, 5.3–5.7, 5.11–5.16, 7.4, 7.8–7.14, 9.4–9.9, 11.1–11.5, 13.1, 13.2, 13.6–13.10) © Reserved 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Information contained in this book has been pre-approved by SMU and published by