study development

References: 1 Phred Dvorak, “Hotelier Finds Happiness Keeps Staff Checked In; Focus on Morale Boosts Joie de Vivre’s Grades from Workers, Guests,” The Wall Street Journal (December 17, 2007), p. B3. 5 Richard M. Steers, Lyman W. Porter, and Gregory A. Bigley, Motivation and Leadership at Work, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), pp. 496–498. 6 Steven Bergals, “When Money Talks, People Walk,” Inc. 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Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychological Review 50 (1943), pp. 370–396. 14 Frederick Herzberg, “One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees?” Harvard Business Review (January–February 1968), pp. 53–62. 15 Hashi Syedain, “Topped with Satisfaction,” People Management (July 12, 2007), http://www.peoplemanagement.co.uk/pm/articles/ 2007/07/toppedwithsatisfaction.htm (accessed May 8, 2009); and http://www.pizzaexpress.com (accessed May 8, 2009). 16 David C. McClelland, Human Motivation (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1985). 17 John Brant, “What One Man Can Do,” Inc. (September 2005), pp. 145–153. 18 David C. McClelland, “The Two Faces of Power,” in D. A. Colb, I. M. Rubin, and J. M. McIntyre, eds., Organizational Psychology (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1971), pp. 73–86. 22 Daryl W. Wiesman, “The Effects of Performance Feedback and Social Recognition on Up-Selling at Fast-Food Restaurants,” Journal of Organizational Behavior Management 26, no. 4 (2006), p. 1. 23 Reported in Charlotte Garvey, “Meaningful Tokens of Appreciation,” HR Magazine (August 2004), pp. 101–105. 24 Amy Sutherland, “What Shamu Taught Me About a Happy Marriage,” The New York Times (June 25, 2006), http://www .nytimes.com/2006/06/25/fashion/25love.html?ex=1175659200&en=4c3d257c4d16e70d&ei=5070 (accessed April 2, 2007). 25 Jaclyn Badal, “New Incentives for Workers Combine Cash, Fun” (Theory & Practice column), The Wall Street Journal (June 19, 2006), p. B3. 28 Richard M. Daft and Richard M. Steers, Organizations: A Micro/Macro Approach (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1986). 29 Simona Covel, “Small Business Link: Companies Win as Workers Lose Pounds; Incentive-Based Wellness Programs Give Employees Rewards—With a Payoff of Lower Health-Care Costs,” The Wall Street Journal (July 10, 2008), p. B6. 31 John Peterman, “The Rise and Fall of the J. Peterman Company,” Harvard Business Review (September–October, 1999), pp. 59–66. 32 Timothy Aeppel, “Pay Scales Divide Factory Floor,” The Wall Street Journal (April 9, 2008), p. B4. 33 Amy Joyce, “The Bonus Question; Some Managers Still Strive to Reward Merit,” The Washington Post (November 13, 2005), p. F6. 35 Nina Gupta and Jason D. Shaw, “Let the Evidence Speak: Financial Incentives Are Effective!!” Compensation & Benefits Review (March/April 1998), pp. 26, 28–32. 36 Vogl, “Carrots, Sticks, and Self-Deception,” 40; Alfie Kohn, “Incentives Can Be Bad for Business,” Inc., (January 1998), pp. 93–94; and Kohn, “Challenging Behaviorist Dogma.” 37 Richard M 39 Reported in Jared Sandberg, “For Many Employees, a Dream Job Is One That Isn’t a Nightmare,” The Wall Street Journal (April 15, 2008), p. B1. 40 William D. Hitt, The Leader-Manager: Guidelines for Action (Columbus, OH: Battelle Press, 1988), p. 153. 43 Alan S. Blinder, “Crazy Compensation and the Crisis,” The Wall Street Journal (May 28, 2009), p. A15. 48 Edwin P. Hollander and Lynn R. Offerman, “Power and Leadership in Organizations,” American Psychology 45 (February 1990), pp. 179–189. 49 Jay A. Conger and Rabindra N. Kanungo, “The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice,” Academy of Management Review 13 (1988), pp. 471–482. 50 David P. McCaffrey, Sue R. Faerman, and David W. Hart, “The Appeal and Difficulties of Participative Systems,” Organization Science 6, no. 6 (November–December 1995), pp. 603–627. 51 Robert C. Ford and Myron D. Fottler, “Empowerment: A Matter of Degree,” Academy of Management Executive 9 (1995), pp. 21–31. 52 Dennis Cauchon, “The Little Company That Could,” USA Today (October 9, 2005). 53 McCaffrey, Faerman and Hart, “The Appeal and Difficulties of Participative Systems”; and David E. Bowen and Edward E. Lawler III, “Empowering Service Employees,” Sloan Management Review (Summer 1995), pp. 73–84. 56 Gretchen Spreitzer, “Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological Empowerment,” Academy of Management Journal 39, no. 2 (April 1996), pp. 483–504. 57 Russ Forrester, “Empowerment: Rejuvenating a Potent Idea,” Academy of Management Executive 14, no. 3 (2000), pp. 67–80. 58 Glenn L. Dalton, “The Collective Stretch,” Management Review (December 1998), pp. 54–59. 64 Lawrence Fisher, “Ricardo Semler Won’t Take Control,” Strategy + Business (Winter 2005), pp. 78–88; and Ricardo Semler, “How We Went Digital Without a Strategy,” Harvard Business Review (September–October 2000), pp. 51–58. 66 Barbara Rose, “Zappos Pays to Weed Out Uncommitted Workers,” Chicago Tribune (June 16, 2008), p. 2. 78 Studies reported in Sarah E. Needleman, “Study Suggests Employers to Shift Bulk of Pay Raises to Top Performers” The Wall Street Journal (August 14, 2008), p. D2; and Christopher Caggiano, “The Right Way to Pay,” Inc. (November 2002), pp. 84–92. 79 Aaron Lucchetti, “Morgan Stanley Boosts Salaries as Its Bonuses Are Limited,” The Wall Street Journal (May 23–24, 2009), p. B1.