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Epidemiology of Small Ruminant Tuberculosis

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Epidemiology of Small Ruminant Tuberculosis
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii SUMMARY iv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SMALL RUMINANT TUBERCULOSIS 3 2.1. Global distribution of small ruminant tuberculosis 3 2.2. Risk factors 3 2.2.1 Agent factors 3 2.2.2 Management and Ecological Factors 4 2.2.3 Host factors 5 2.3 Transmission 6 3. STATUS OF SMALL RUMINANT TUBERCULOSIS IN ETHIOPIA 7 4. ZOONOTIC IMPORTANCE OF SMALL RUMINANT TUBERCULOSIS 9 4.1. Zoonotic significance 9 4.2. Risk factors of zoonotic tuberculosis from small ruminants 10 4.3. Reverse zoonosis 11 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 12 6. REFERENCES 13

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful (1:1)

I owe great deal of gratitude to my advisor Dr.Gezahegn Mamo for his intellectual guidance, provision of materials and information, and time devotion to correct this manuscript.

My sincere gratitude also goes to my mam, Shamiya Ahmed and my dad, Kalif Umar; May Allah shower His mercy upon them as they did with me when I was a child. My earnest gratitude is to my wife, Rahima Umar, for her genuine advice and moral support throughout my study period. I am greatly indebted to my parents-in-law, Umar Abdo and Safiya Mahammed, for their great support.

Words, hardly express my heartfelt gratitude to my lifelong best friend, Abdi Mume for his indispensable encouragement, financial and moral support in my entire study period.

I also need this opportunity to extend my acknowledgement to, Kelbessa Bahiru, Taha Junda my uncle Abdala Abdo, and my brother Adem Kalif for their moral and financial support.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
BTB bovine tuberculosis
CIDT comparative intradermal tuberculin test
HELIMEX Hashim Nur’s Ethiopia Live Animal and Meat Exporter
MBTC Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PPD purified protein derivative
SIT Spoligotype (Shared) International Type
TB Tuberculosis



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