SEPHORA STUDY CASE
WEEK 1
Three Dimensions of Europe
Different perspectives on the same thing, but: Europe is not a ‘thing’, it is not a fixed entity
Europe is complex, multi-layered and has a changeable context
This applies also for the European culture and/or cultures of Europe
Europe consists of different cultures, but there might be also a ‘European culture’
‘The European Mosaic’ (reader p.14)
“The most plausible idea of an essential European culture builds on the idea of the Enlightenment, which was originally (in the eighteenth century) a European cultural development, and - it is claimed - is still Europe’s central cultural force in the world.”
‘Enlightenment’ / ‘Aufklärung’ / ‘Lumières’
Light of reason
‘To enlighten’: Going from darkness into the light: illumination / liberation / elevation
Immanuel Kant (1783) ‘Was ist Aufklärung?’: “Der Ausgang des Menschen aus seiner selbstverschuldeten Unmündigkeit”
“Unmündigkeit”: Inability to use one’s reason without guidance (‘Leitung’) from another
‼ Two Enlightenments
Greek Enlightenment (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
Modern Enlightenment (Descartes, Rousseau, Kant)
‼ Key ideas of Enlightenment
Rationality (science and technology)
Individuality (freedom and democracy)
‼ Dual revolution around 1800
Industrial revolution (rationality, science)
French revolution (individuality, freedom) (1789)
American revolution had the same ideas as the French revolution (1776)
‼ Era’s
Antiquity (until 500)
Middle Ages (500 – 1500)
Modernity (1500 – now)
‼ Modernity
After the ‘dark Middle Ages’
1. Renaissance: rebirth of antiquity (15th/16th century)
2. Enlightenment (17th/18th century)
3. Romanticism: countermovement Enlightenment (18th/19th century)
‼ Enlightenment vs. Romanticism
Enlightenment:
Rationality / reason
Control over nature
Descartes (1637): “Our goal is to become ‘maîtres et possesseurs de la nature’.”
Romanticism:
Sensitivity / feeling
Participation in nature
Three Dimensions of Europe
Different perspectives on the same thing, but: Europe is not a ‘thing’, it is not a fixed entity
Europe is complex, multi-layered and has a changeable context
This applies also for the European culture and/or cultures of Europe
Europe consists of different cultures, but there might be also a ‘European culture’
‘The European Mosaic’ (reader p.14)
“The most plausible idea of an essential European culture builds on the idea of the Enlightenment, which was originally (in the eighteenth century) a European cultural development, and - it is claimed - is still Europe’s central cultural force in the world.”
‘Enlightenment’ / ‘Aufklärung’ / ‘Lumières’
Light of reason
‘To enlighten’: Going from darkness into the light: illumination / liberation / elevation
Immanuel Kant (1783) ‘Was ist Aufklärung?’: “Der Ausgang des Menschen aus seiner selbstverschuldeten Unmündigkeit”
“Unmündigkeit”: Inability to use one’s reason without guidance (‘Leitung’) from another
‼ Two Enlightenments
Greek Enlightenment (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
Modern Enlightenment (Descartes, Rousseau, Kant)
‼ Key ideas of Enlightenment
Rationality (science and technology)
Individuality (freedom and democracy)
‼ Dual revolution around 1800
Industrial revolution (rationality, science)
French revolution (individuality, freedom) (1789)
American revolution had the same ideas as the French revolution (1776)
‼ Era’s
Antiquity (until 500)
Middle Ages (500 – 1500)
Modernity (1500 – now)
‼ Modernity
After the ‘dark Middle Ages’
1. Renaissance: rebirth of antiquity (15th/16th century)
2. Enlightenment (17th/18th century)
3. Romanticism: countermovement Enlightenment (18th/19th century)
‼ Enlightenment vs. Romanticism
Enlightenment:
Rationality / reason
Control over nature
Descartes (1637): “Our goal is to become ‘maîtres et possesseurs de la nature’.”
Romanticism:
Sensitivity / feeling
Participation in nature