Schools of Management
INTRODUCTION.
During the present century, certain schools of management thought have developed. Each school reflects the problems of the period during which they were popular. Herold Koontz was the first who have attempted to classify the various approaches on the management in the schools of management theory. Based on the writings of some of the scholars and Koontz, the management thoughts, have been classified in several schools of management theory. Below are some of the well-known summarized school of thoughts.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.
This method was developed in the USA in the early part of the 20th century by Frederick Taylor, building on the earlier work of Henri Fayol.
Taylor also believed that a high division of labour was needed to produce more output, and he introduced a piece-rate style of payment for the workforce (this meant that the workers received an amount of money per 'piece ' that they produced, thereby linking their pay to their productivity).
Taylor also worked very closely with Henry Ford in developing the world 's first moving production-line for the model 'T ' Ford car.
This method of management paid close attention to 'time and motion ' studies, where each worker is timed when performing a task, and then this provides the basis for the worker 's level of output per day (e.g. if it took a worker 2 minutes to perform a task, then this could be done 30 times per hour, and 240 times in an 8-hour day).
If the worker completed more than his designated number of tasks per day, then he would be eligible for a monetary bonus.
Taylor believed that efficiency and discipline were the two greatest features of a good manager and a good workforce, but what he failed to recognize was the high level of alienation and low levels of morale and motivation that this system produces in the workforce.
CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT.
One of the first schools of management thought, the classical management theory, developed during the Industrial
During the present century, certain schools of management thought have developed. Each school reflects the problems of the period during which they were popular. Herold Koontz was the first who have attempted to classify the various approaches on the management in the schools of management theory. Based on the writings of some of the scholars and Koontz, the management thoughts, have been classified in several schools of management theory. Below are some of the well-known summarized school of thoughts.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.
This method was developed in the USA in the early part of the 20th century by Frederick Taylor, building on the earlier work of Henri Fayol.
Taylor also believed that a high division of labour was needed to produce more output, and he introduced a piece-rate style of payment for the workforce (this meant that the workers received an amount of money per 'piece ' that they produced, thereby linking their pay to their productivity).
Taylor also worked very closely with Henry Ford in developing the world 's first moving production-line for the model 'T ' Ford car.
This method of management paid close attention to 'time and motion ' studies, where each worker is timed when performing a task, and then this provides the basis for the worker 's level of output per day (e.g. if it took a worker 2 minutes to perform a task, then this could be done 30 times per hour, and 240 times in an 8-hour day).
If the worker completed more than his designated number of tasks per day, then he would be eligible for a monetary bonus.
Taylor believed that efficiency and discipline were the two greatest features of a good manager and a good workforce, but what he failed to recognize was the high level of alienation and low levels of morale and motivation that this system produces in the workforce.
CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT.
One of the first schools of management thought, the classical management theory, developed during the Industrial