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TASK 1
SUBDOMAIN 105.4 - SPEAKING & LISTENING

Competency 105.4.2: Planning a Presentation

Contraceptive use in the United States
I. Introduction a. Audience’s attention: Family planning has been proven to provide beneficial outcome for mothers, newborn babies, families and communities. Pregnancies that happen without planning to do so either too early or too late in life or too close to previous pregnancies, increase incidence for prematurity, low birth rate and maternal health compromise. Uses of contraceptive methods are being used more often from women with the purpose to prevent the above mentioned potential consequences. b. Thesis statement: Research and statistics show that women who use contraceptives are able to prevent unintended pregnancies in every stage of their Life and contraception provides women the ability to have healthier pregnancies. c. Main points: 1. Women who use contraceptive are able to prevent unintended pregnancies in their life. 2. Contraception provides women with the ability to have healthier pregnancies.
II. 1. Women who use contraceptive are able to prevent unintended pregnancies in their life. There are about 62 million women sexually active ( Guttmacher Institute.2012. Contraceptive Use in the United States. Who Needs Contraceptive.p.1) and able to give birth in the United States that do not want to have children at this point of their life yet. The reason for this might be related to their age being too young, not able to financially provide for the baby, focus on the carrier and many other subjective reasons. As shown on the website of the research Guttmacher Institute: “Forty-three million women of child-bearing age (69%) are at risk of unintended pregnancy”. (Guttmacher Institute.2012. Contraceptive Use in the United States. Who Needs Contraceptive.p.1). In 2012, an estimated 645 million women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in the developing world are using modern contraceptive methods-42million more than in 2008.In 2012, use of modern contraceptive in the developing world will prevent 218 million unintended pregnancies, which in turn will avert 55 million unplanned births, 138 million abortions, 25 million miscarriages and 118,000 maternal deaths. The two-third of U.S women at risk of unintended pregnancy who practice contraception consistently and correctly account for only 5% of unintended pregnancies. (Guttmacher Institute.2012.Costs and Benefits of Investing in Contraceptive Services in the Developing World. Use of Modern Contraceptives.p.1)
2. Contraception provides women with the ability to have healthier pregnancies. This is true based on the fact that by using contraception a woman can chose the right time to be pregnant. She can use the contraception until she is stable financially, until she has cured a previous medical condition, until she is emotionally able and physically matured to get pregnant and bear it for the entire time healthy. Good physical, emotional and mental statuses are key components to successful pregnancy. Regular prenatal care, doctors’ visits, education materials, examination tests, diet review, attending classes to learn about a healthy pregnancy, changes throughout all the trimesters, baby care and what to expect after having the baby, all are steps and precautions that provide a healthy pregnancy. And contraception allows this to happen by giving women the right to choose the exact time when they are ready and desiring to go thought the above mentioned steps. According to Guttmacher Institute:” Pregnancies that occur to early or too late in a woman’s life, or that are spaced too closely, negatively affect maternal health and increase the risk of prematurity and low birth weight”(Guttmacher Institute.2012.Contraceptive Use in the United States. The Broad Benefits of Contraceptive Use.p.2). Also, in the same research site of Guttmacher Institute it is clearly stated that:” Women, whose pregnancies are planned, are more likely to receive timely prenatal care. They are less likely to smoke or drink during pregnancy, and more likely to breast –feed once the baby is born. That’s why contraception is essential preventive health care. It makes for healthier mothers and children-and reduces health care costs, like those associated with preterm births” (Guttmacher Institute.2012.Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education. Benefits of the Contraceptive Use in the United States).Taylor JS, Cabral HJ, author of the article “Are women with an unintended pregnancy less likely to breastfeed” confirms: “Preventing unintended pregnancy is a personal goal for most couples, and reducing the national level of unintended pregnancy is one of the most important reproductive health goals identified by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Women who have an unintended pregnancy are also at risk for unintended childbearing, who is associated with a number of adverse maternal behaviors and child health outcomes, including inadequate or delayed initiation of prenatal care, smoking and drinking during pregnancy, premature birth, and lack of breastfeeding, as well as negative physical and mental health effects on children”. (Taylor JS, Cabral HJ.2002. Are women with an unintended pregnancy less likely to breastfeed? p.431–436).

III. Conclusion
1. Thesis reinstatement: Use of contraception helps women to prevent unintended pregnancies in certain periods of their life and provides for them a healthier pregnancy as well.
2. Recap of main points a- Women who use contraception are able to prevent unintended pregnancies in their life b- Use of contraception helps women to have a healthier pregnancy when they decide to get pregnant 3. Closing comments a- Use of contraception as a birth control method allows women to be sexually active without consequences of a pregnancy that can happen unplanned. By the use of this method, women all over the world can enjoy their sexual life and be more dedicated to their relationship and other personal goals without worrying about neglecting or not carrying for a dependent at the time. b- Contraception as a method of prevention helps women to have a healthier pregnancy when they are pregnant. This is related to the fact that during the contraception use a woman is conscious about not being ready for a baby and she prevents the harm that can happen to her and/or the baby if an unintended pregnancy was to happen. Stopping the contraception is a first that shows a woman is ready to dedicate herself to the pregnancy and the baby and do all the right things to achieve the goal.
III. Visual aide

Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education. Guttmacher Institute. July 2012.Contraceptive Use in the United States. The Broad Benefits of Contraceptive Use.p.2

The visual aide above describes the ratio applied to women using contraception consistently throughout the entire year and the incidence of unintended pregnancy as well as the ratio between women using contraception only during the conception months and the unintended pregnancy ratio. As shown, the incidence of unintended pregnancies for women who use contraception regularly during the entire year is much smaller than that of women who use contraception only during months of conception. Again, the importance of contraception use and its purpose is clearly shown above: Use of contraception by women prevents unintended pregnancy.

Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Curricula Organizer for Reproductive Health Education.2008. Today’s Contraceptive Options. Factors Influencing a Woman’s Use of Contraception. Slide. 37
This visual aide presents a clear picture of the reasons that drive women to use of contraception in addition to prevention of pregnancies. The introduced factors are considered to be essential when considering pregnancy. What does this mean? This means that a woman needs to be fulfilled in every aspect of her life may it be physical, emotional, educational, social…etc. in order for her wellbeing to be effective in a holistic view. If any of these factors is not met appropriately the consequences may lead to maternal-fetal health compromise, unhealthy pregnancy and potential damages.

As a result of these unmet factors,the following statistics provided from the same organization prove the consequences of an unintended pregnancy. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Curricula Organizer for Reproductive Health Education.2008. Today’s Contraceptive Options. Factors Influencing a Woman’s Use of Contraception. Slide. 3
This visual aide shows the results of an unintended pregnancy and how it ends if a woman gets pregnant when all the above factors are not met accordingly. It is important to emphasize that by using contraception the women can avoid pregnancy for the above mention factors until she has met all of them and is now ready to dedicate herself to the pregnancy with everything that it comes.
IV. Visual aide script
The visual aide pictures introduced above are used with the intent to give a visual aide explanation to the audience in understanding the main points of the thesis. The visual aide was compiled by using statistic data’s from different research associations. The pictures shown above are given in this order to adapt to the order of the main points of the thesis. The first chart received from: Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education. Guttmacher Institute. July 2012. Contraceptive Use in the United States. The Broad Benefits of Contraceptive Use.p.2 explains statistically how the use of contraception prevents unintended pregnancies. The second visual received from: Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Curricula Organizer for Reproductive Health Education. 2008. Today’s Contraceptive Options. Factors Influencing a Woman’s Use of Contraception. Slide. 37, present the factors that drive a woman to use the contraception as a prevention method for reasons that are clearly mention in the picture. If a woman gets pregnant unintentionally, any of these factors can influence negatively in her pregnancy. The health issues may affect both mother and baby; the emotional status can damage mother and baby. Any of these factors has the potential to become a threatening factor for the life of the baby and mother’s. That is why the use of contraception, allows women to take care of all her issues before she becomes pregnant where she needs to dedicate more time to her pregnancy and undergo lifestyle changes. The third chart received from the same source as the previous one, is used to aid the understanding of the consequences that exist as a result of failure to comply with the above mentioned points. So, if a woman does not use contraception until she is ready to get pregnant, she will be occupied with other important things and the results of pregnancy negligence can be fatal as shown in the visual chart. To better understand the visual aids think of them in this order: Women prevent unintended pregnancy by use of contraception-for reasons show on the picture-that if not considered accordingly may produce an increase in the negative results shown in the third visual.

V. Questions 1. Do all forms of contraception provide the same prevention of unintended pregnancies?
No. Different forms of contraception that are available to women do not provide the same prevention incidence. As shown in the statistic presentation from CORE-Curricula Organizer for healthcare Reproductive Education in their “A case- based approach to addressing hormonal contraception-slide 27. Typical Failure Rates” a different incidence of unintended pregnancies exists for each type of contraception.

2. Is the use of contraception methods actually lowering the number of unintended pregnancies? Yes, it is. The use of contraception methods is decreasing the number of unintended pregnancies but is not eliminating it at 100% rate. The American Academy of Pediatrics reported[->0] that the rate of unintended pregnancies in the U.S. is down since 2009, meaning that fewer women need abortions or are having children unexpectedly. Unintended pregnancies can play havoc on a family’s finances and on the health of both mother and child. (Ferguson, D.February, 2013.The Raw Story. CDC: Increased Emergency Contraception use highlights importance of access) 3. What are the most frequent types of contraception used by women?
Statistics show that the most preferred and used forms of contraception is the pill, followed by female sterilization and tertiary IUD. In a statistic research conducted by Jo Jones, Ph.D.; William Mosher, Ph.D.; and Kimberly Daniels, Ph.D., Division of Vital Statistics is introduced that:” Of women using contraceptive method in the month of the interview, the most common methods used are the pill (28% or 10.6 million women) and female sterilization (27% or 10.2 million women). Use of IUD as a method has increased since 1995 to(from 0.8% in 1995 to 5.6% in 2006-2010), whereas fewer women report that their partners are using condoms as their current most effective contraceptive method)”( Jo Jones, Ph.D.; William Mosher, Ph.D.; and Kimberly Daniels, Ph.D., Division of Vital Statistics.2012. U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Statistics Reports. Current Contraceptive Use in the United States, 2006-2010, and Changes in Patterns of Use Since 1995.Results.p.1)

References:
Jo Jones, Ph.D.; William Mosher, Ph.D.; and Kimberly Daniels, Ph.D., Division of Vital Statistics.2012. U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Statistics Reports. Current Contraceptive Use in the United States, 2006-2010, and Changes in Patterns of Use Since 1995.Results.p.1 .Received from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr060.pdf
Ferguson, February, 2013. The Raw Story. CDC: Increased Emergency Contraception use highlights importance of access. Received from http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/02/14/cdc-increased-emergency-contraception-use-highlights-importance-of-access/
CORE. Curricula Organizer for Reproductive Health Education. A Case -Based Approach to Addressing Hormonal Contraception-Slide#27.Typical Failure Rates. Received from http://core.arhp.org/search/searchDetail.aspx?itemId=3718

Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Curricula Organizer for Reproductive Health Education.2008. Today’s Contraceptive Options. Factors Influencing a Woman’s Use of Contraception-Slide. 37. Received from http://core.arhp.org/search/searchDetail.aspx?itemId=6066
Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Curricula Organizer for Reproductive Health Education.2008. Today’s Contraceptive Options. Factors Influencing a Woman’s Use of Contraception-Slide. 3. Received from http://core.arhp.org/search/searchDetail.aspx?itemId=6066
Guttmacher Institute.2012. Contraceptive Use in the United States. Who Needs Contraceptive.p.1. Received from http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.pdf
Guttmacher Institute. July 2012. Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education. Contraceptive Use in the United States. The Broad Benefits of Contraceptive Use.p.2. Received from http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.pdf
Taylor JS, Cabral HJ.2002. U.S National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Are women with an unintended pregnancy less likely to breastfeed? p.431–436. Received from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12019050

[->0] - http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/02/05/peds.2012-3769.abstract

*****PLEASE COMMENT AND ALSO THE VISUAL AIDE FOR THIS TASK CAN BE FOUND AT REFERENCE SOURCES THAT WERE SUBMITTED ON THE LAST PAGE. I PASSED WITH FLYING COLORS WITH THIS TASK.REMEMBER TO ADD DESCRIPTION ON THE VISUAL AIDE OTHERWISE THEY WILL RETURN IT BACK FOR FURTHER CORRECTION.GOOD LUCK AND IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT ME AT oltaplunkett2012@gmail.com

References: Jo Jones, Ph.D.; William Mosher, Ph.D.; and Kimberly Daniels, Ph.D., Division of Vital Statistics.2012. U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Statistics Reports. Current Contraceptive Use in the United States, 2006-2010, and Changes in Patterns of Use Since 1995.Results.p.1 .Received from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr060.pdf Ferguson, February, 2013. The Raw Story. CDC: Increased Emergency Contraception use highlights importance of access. Received from http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/02/14/cdc-increased-emergency-contraception-use-highlights-importance-of-access/ CORE. Curricula Organizer for Reproductive Health Education. A Case -Based Approach to Addressing Hormonal Contraception-Slide#27.Typical Failure Rates. Received from http://core.arhp.org/search/searchDetail.aspx?itemId=3718 Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Curricula Organizer for Reproductive Health Education.2008. Today’s Contraceptive Options. Factors Influencing a Woman’s Use of Contraception-Slide. 37. Received from http://core.arhp.org/search/searchDetail.aspx?itemId=6066 Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Curricula Organizer for Reproductive Health Education.2008. Today’s Contraceptive Options. Factors Influencing a Woman’s Use of Contraception-Slide. 3. Received from http://core.arhp.org/search/searchDetail.aspx?itemId=6066 Guttmacher Institute.2012. Contraceptive Use in the United States. Who Needs Contraceptive.p.1. Received from http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.pdf Guttmacher Institute. July 2012. Advancing sexual and reproductive health worldwide through research, policy analysis and public education. Contraceptive Use in the United States. The Broad Benefits of Contraceptive Use.p.2. Received from http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.pdf Taylor JS, Cabral HJ.2002. U.S National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Are women with an unintended pregnancy less likely to breastfeed? p.431–436. Received from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12019050 [->0] - http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/02/05/peds.2012-3769.abstract *****PLEASE COMMENT AND ALSO THE VISUAL AIDE FOR THIS TASK CAN BE FOUND AT REFERENCE SOURCES THAT WERE SUBMITTED ON THE LAST PAGE. I PASSED WITH FLYING COLORS WITH THIS TASK.REMEMBER TO ADD DESCRIPTION ON THE VISUAL AIDE OTHERWISE THEY WILL RETURN IT BACK FOR FURTHER CORRECTION.GOOD LUCK AND IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT ME AT oltaplunkett2012@gmail.com