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2. In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of glucose that began with glycolysis is completed.…
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he Krebs Cycle also expressed as: CH3C(=O)C(=O)O− (pyruvate) + HSCoA + NAD+ → CH3C(=O)SCoA (acetyl-CoA) + NADH + CO2 is the main pathway in all aerobic organisms. Basically it’s the way that cells produce energy for itself, but the only issue is it requires the presence of oxygen. In total eight reactions that take place in the mitochondria, and these reactions result in two carbon molecules and oxidizes it into carbon dioxide. Step 1 Citrate synthase bridges to Oxaloacetate substrates which can then bind to Acetyl–CoA’s acetyl group, which drops off the A Co-enzyme. This in turn created citrates for usage later in the Krebs cycle. This six-carbon molecule will be degraded, and biotransformed back into Oxaloacetate.Step 2The citrate isn't…
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1. The overall equation for Cellular Respiration is 6O2 + C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2 +…
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All living organisms need energy to function and we get this energy from the foods we eat. The most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food is through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is defined as the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules. Cellular respiration occurs in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport.…
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ATP is generated from aerobic respiration from the use of biosynthetic pathways. Glycolysis is where respiration starts in the cells and produces ATP, NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules from the oxidation of six carbon carbohydrate and glucose. Even if oxygen is there or not, enzymes are mediated in the cytoplasm. The electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, and aerobic respiration use NADH molecule (which it main purpose is to transport electrons form one molecule to another) for later purposes. The mitochondrial matrix receives pyruvate from the cytoplasm after it crosses over the mitochondrial membrane. When the pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle it goes through many stages of biochemical enzyme-catalyzed reactions. In more detail about the cycle its main purpose is to produce little amounts of ATP by removing carbon dioxide and hydrogen from pyruvate molecules. Within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis synthesis ATP with hydrogen ions which are NADH and FADH2. The Krebs cycle and glycolysis produce less ATP because chemiosmosis synthesizes a great amount of ATP.…
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The Citric Acid Cycle is a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix of all aerobic organisms. It involves the oxidation of the acetyl group of acetyl CoA to two molecules of carbon dioxide. Each cycle produces one molecule of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and reduces three molecules of NAD and one molecule of FAD for use in Oxidative Phosphorylation. The cycle is preceded by Glycolysis, which also occurs in anaerobic respiration, and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which occur in the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix respectively. In aerobic respiration, glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose and two molecules of pyruvate, and gives a net product…
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Catabolism (Aerobic Metabolism) occurs when there is plentiful supply of glucose and oxygen for the cells to use for cellular respiration (Aerobic Respiration happens eventually with the mitochondria in the cells producing A.T.P-Adenosine Triphosphate).…
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A living version of internal combustion-is the main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP energy, it is also called an aerobic process, which is just another way of saying that it requires oxygen. So cellular respiration is defined as the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules. The three stages are; glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport.…
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The Citric acid cycle also known as the Krebs cycle, to honor the scientist who first studied it, is a cyclical metabolic pathway located in the matrix of the mitochondria. At the start of the citric acid cycle, the C2 acetyl group carried by CoA joins with a C4 molecule, and a C6 citrate molecule results. The CoA returns to the preparatory reaction to be used again. During the citric acid cycle, the acetyl group is oxidized, and the rest of the CO2 we breathe out per glucose molecule is released, both NAD+ and FAD accept hydrogen atoms, resulting in NADH and FADH2, and the substrate-level ATP synthesis occurs, as ATP results.…
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All cells need energy all the time, and their primary source of energy is ATP. The methods cells use to make ATP vary depending on the availability of oxygen and their biological make-up. In many cases the cells are in an oxygen-rich environment. For example, as you sit and read this sentence, you are breathing in oxygen, which is then carried throughout your body by red blood cells. But, some cells grow in envi¬ronments without oxygen (yeast in wine-making or the bacteria that cause botulism in canned food), and occasionally animal cells must function without sufficient oxygen (as in running sprints). In this activity you will begin to look at the aerobic and anaerobic processes that are…
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In and takes place inATP cytoplasm.are used glucose this process, two molecules and four produced. Reduced NAD is also formed. take place, and the • When oxygen is available, aerobic respiration canto acetyl CoA inthe pyruvate is moved intoacetyl matrix of a mitochondrion where it is converted the link reaction. The 2C CoA combines with the 4C compound oxaloacetate and enters the Krebs cycle.…
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The main objective of this lab is to see if the rate of cellular respiration will be affected if we change the food source from glucose to three different experimental variables (fructose, sucrose, lactose). Cellular Respiration is a process that generates ATP and it involves the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved. Cellular Respiration can be divided into three metabolic processes; Glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm, Krebs cycle that takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria, and Oxidative phosphorylation that occurs via the electron…
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Cellular respiration is the process of changing food molecules to water, carbon dioxide and energy. Metabolism in the Body The Digestive system…
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Cellular respiration is an ATP-producing catabolic process in which the electron receiver is an inorganic molecule. It is the release of energy from organic compounds by chemical oxidation in the mitochondria within each cell. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can all be metabolized, but cellular respiration usually involves glucose: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 Kcal of energy/mole of glucose oxidized. Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that occurs in the cytosol and partially oxidizes glucose into two pyruvate (3-C). The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and breaks down a pyruvate (Acetyl-CoA) into carbon dioxide. These two cycles both produce a small amount of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation and NADH by transferring electrons from substrate to NAD+. The Krebs cycle also produces FADH2 by transferring electrons to FAD. The electron transport chain is located at the inner membrane of the mitochondria and accepts energized electrons from enzymes that are collected during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and…
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4 molecules of ATP are produced from 4 ADP and 4 inorganic phosphates in glycolysis in the cytoplasm of every cell, by the oxidation of a triose phosphate into two molecules of pyruvate. In anaerobic respiration these are the only 4 ATP molecules produced per molecule of glucose as there is no oxygen available for the link reaction or electron transport chain to occur in the cytoplasm, instead the pyruvate molecules are reduced into either lactate in muscles or ethanol and CO2 in yeast. However 2 ATP molecules are used in the phosphorylation of glucose at the start of glycolysis so the net product of anaerobic respiration is just 2 ATP. In aerobic respiration the pyruvate molecules move into the mitochondrial matrix where they undergo the link reaction, releasing one CO2 molecule and one NADH each. This leaves two acetyl co-enzyme A molecules which enter the Krebs cycle to release another 2 CO2 molecules, 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH each. So far we have a net production of 4 ATP (subtracting the 2 used in glycolysis). The electron transport chain is where the majority of ATP is produced. 10 NADH and 2 FADH (produced from glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs cycle) are oxidised to NAD and FAD, releasing 12 hydrogens. These hydrogens are split into protons and electrons. The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier in the bilayer of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial cristae, releasing energy at each one. This energy is used to pump the protons through the carriers into the intermembrane space, creating a gradient. Due to this gradient, the protons flow from the intermembrane space back into the matrix by ATP Synthase in the inner membrane. This movement of protons allows 28 ADP and 28…
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