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Rice straw as a renewable energy source in India, Thailand, and the Philippines: Overall potential and limitations for energy contribution and greenhouse gas mitigation

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Rice straw as a renewable energy source in India, Thailand, and the Philippines: Overall potential and limitations for energy contribution and greenhouse gas mitigation
biomass and bioenergy 33 (2009) 1532–1546

Available at www.sciencedirect.com

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biombioe

Rice straw as a renewable energy source in India, Thailand, and the Philippines: Overall potential and limitations for energy contribution and greenhouse gas mitigation
Butchaiah Gadde a,1, Christoph Menke b,*, Reiner Wassmann c,2 a The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Prachauthit Road,
Bangmod, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand b University of Applied Sciences Trier, Department of Building Engineering Services, Energy Technology, Schneidershof,
D-54293 Trier, Germany c Rice and Climate Change Consortium, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
˜
(seconded from Research Centre Karlsruhe (IMK-IFU), Germany)

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abstract

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Rice is a widely grown crop in the South and South-East Asia that leaves substantial

Received 2 May 2008

quantity of straw in the field. The aim of this paper is to assess the quantity of rice straw

Received in revised form

produced, estimate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions based on its current uses, and assess

24 April 2009

its possible energy potential and related GHG emissions mitigation potential. Updated

Accepted 26 July 2009

statistics on rough rice production are used in this study in combination with the literature

Published online 21 August 2009

values on Straw-to-Grain Ratio (SGR) to quantify the amount of rice straw produced in the three countries of focus. It is estimated that 97.19, 21.86, and 10.68 Mt of rice straw residue

Keywords:

are produced in India, Thailand, and the Philippines, respectively.

Rice (Oryza sativa)

In India, 23% of rice straw residue produced is surplus and is either left in the field as

Straw-to-Grain Ratio (SGR)

uncollected or to a large extent open-field burnt. About 48% of
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