Response to John Holt "School Is Bad for Children"
An example of earlier change:
English Agriculture: 1500-1850 taken from:
Agricultural Revolution in England the transformation of the agrarian economy
1500-1850
by
Mark Overton
Cambridge University Press, 1996
c B.J. Heinzen 1998 p. 1
Estimates of English Agricultural Output
1520--1850
18
16
Output - population method
250
Output - volume method - value of total ag. output
(crops, meat, dairy) in £million at 1850 prices
12
200
10
150
8
100
6
Output Index 1700=100
14
Population (millions)
300
Population - in millions (previous limit 5-6 mln people)
4
50
2
0
1851
1831
1801
1791
1781
1761
1751
1741
1701
1661
1651
1601
1551
80% of pop. in agric. for own family
1520
0
20% of pop. in agric. for markets c B.J. Heinzen 1998 p. 2
Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England … 1500-1850, 1996, p.75& p.8
A Rising Demand for Food 1520-1851
100
Agricultural population 90
% of total population
80
70
Rural non-agric’l population 60
50
40
Towns >5000, excl London
30
20
10
London
0
1520
1600
1670
1700
1750
1801
1851
“…the impact of London on the demand for food was greater than these figures indicate because average consumption per head in London was at least double the national average.” c B.J. Heinzen 1998 p. 3
Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England … 1500-1850, 1996, p138
A Changing Social Structure
England & Wales 1436-1973
% of ownership
120
Crown
100
Black
Plague
80
1348, 1350s,
1370x
Church
Yeomen
freeholders
Dissolution
60
of
Gentry
Monasteries
40
1530
20
Civil War
Great owners
1640s
0
1436
(Eng)
c.1690 range of estimates for 1690
c.1790
1873
(Eng.)
“The pioneers of new methods in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries … were not the great landowners but smaller farmers … the most dramatic
English Agriculture: 1500-1850 taken from:
Agricultural Revolution in England the transformation of the agrarian economy
1500-1850
by
Mark Overton
Cambridge University Press, 1996
c B.J. Heinzen 1998 p. 1
Estimates of English Agricultural Output
1520--1850
18
16
Output - population method
250
Output - volume method - value of total ag. output
(crops, meat, dairy) in £million at 1850 prices
12
200
10
150
8
100
6
Output Index 1700=100
14
Population (millions)
300
Population - in millions (previous limit 5-6 mln people)
4
50
2
0
1851
1831
1801
1791
1781
1761
1751
1741
1701
1661
1651
1601
1551
80% of pop. in agric. for own family
1520
0
20% of pop. in agric. for markets c B.J. Heinzen 1998 p. 2
Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England … 1500-1850, 1996, p.75& p.8
A Rising Demand for Food 1520-1851
100
Agricultural population 90
% of total population
80
70
Rural non-agric’l population 60
50
40
Towns >5000, excl London
30
20
10
London
0
1520
1600
1670
1700
1750
1801
1851
“…the impact of London on the demand for food was greater than these figures indicate because average consumption per head in London was at least double the national average.” c B.J. Heinzen 1998 p. 3
Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England … 1500-1850, 1996, p138
A Changing Social Structure
England & Wales 1436-1973
% of ownership
120
Crown
100
Black
Plague
80
1348, 1350s,
1370x
Church
Yeomen
freeholders
Dissolution
60
of
Gentry
Monasteries
40
1530
20
Civil War
Great owners
1640s
0
1436
(Eng)
c.1690 range of estimates for 1690
c.1790
1873
(Eng.)
“The pioneers of new methods in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries … were not the great landowners but smaller farmers … the most dramatic