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Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Second Edition Chapter 15 Cultural Transformations: Religion and Science, 1450–1750 Copyright © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin’s The Globalization of Christianity A. Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation 1. Martin Luther: German priest who combined widespread criticism of Roman Catholic hierarchy and corruption with a theological message that faith—not works, acts, or rituals—was the path to salvation.…
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| Catholics believe that anyone can be saved by work by fulfilling Commandments and God's grace…
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Prior to the reformation in England the Roman Catholic Church had been the only church in the country and as such had a form of monopoly which over the years had begun to be exploited by some who entered the priesthood for reasons other than those religious. An example of what was considered to be a form of corruption in the Roman Catholic church is given as an argument by Luther in his case for a reformation of religion in the Holy Roman Empire, the example being the sale of indulgences, through which people can pay an amount of money in order to be forgiven or to reduce their time spent in purgatory. Corruption was also evident in the system of ‘tithes’ in which every person would be required to pay one tenth of their goods to the church to form a sort of basic welfare system in which the goods collected would be distributed to those who needed them however, in actual operation this system sometimes resulted in a corrupt church official being in charge of the system and consequently the tithes in that area covered by the corrupt official would not be distributed evenly or sometimes may not be distributed at all. The view presented mentions that the Catholic Church was lacking in any serious religious commitment, not only is this evidence by the corruption which, in any organisation following true Christian values, should not appear as the Church should be helping people as much as it can and not profiting from their plight, it may be argued that the lack of religious commitment may stem from the system that the oldest child received his father’s land and titles and then the remaining children would enter into a profession or military service, it was customary for at least one child to enter the priesthood and as such, if none of the children wished to enter the priesthood but one was…
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The Reformation era was a time of great change in Early Modern Europe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century Europeans were attempting to make sense of the frightening events that were happening, such as the Black Death and famine. To find meaning in a world that seemed in constant chaos, early modern Europeans looked to find patterns that would set things right. “The Reformation would not have happened if ordinary people had not convinced themselves that they were actors in a cosmic drama plotted by God: that in the Bible he had left them a record of his plans and directions as to how to carry them out.” The Reformations brought a new direction of faith, where one had to be more active in one’s own salvation. They also brought a profound sense of the fear of hell, and this directed much of the actions of the reformed. The Reformations were a catalytic force in the rise of the witch hunts during sixteenth- and seventeenth- century Europe because they brought a new emphasis on the fear of the devil, a new direction of faith that required personal accountability and brought a sense of guilt to the one that felt they were not doing as they should, and did away with the familiar tokens and practices of magic that characterized an aspect of pre-Reformation, early modern European religion. The Reformations also contributed to the decline of the witch hunts as theology evolved during the time period to include an awareness of the sovereignty of God as well as Biblical literalism.…
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Protestantism denies the universal authority of the Pope and affirms the belief of sola fide and sola scriptura. Sola fide translates to mean faith alone. Protestants believe that salvation is received by faith alone in Jesus Christ and not by good works or through the selling of indulgences, which was practiced by the Catholics. The selling of indulgences involved buying forgiveness. According to…
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During the early 1500’s, three theological philosophies came to recognize the Reformation: Sola gratia, sola fide, and sola scriptura. Sola gratia (Latin, ‘grace alone’ or ‘by grace alone’) this highlights that salvation occurs by God’s ‘grace alone’. Sola fide (Latin, ‘faith alone’ or ‘by faith alone’) is alike in that it stresses that people accept God’s gracious offer of salvation by (or through) ‘faith alone’. Sola scriptura (Latin, ‘scripture alone’) emphasizes that ‘scripture alone’, rather than church authority or human opinion, represents religious authority. It is sometimes called the ‘formal principle’…
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The Counter Reformation arose largely in answer to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter Reformation started in the 1540s as a reaction to Protestantism and progressed simultaneously with the Catholic Reformation. These two reformations were aimed at reforming the Catholic Church. Conservative forces whose aim was both to reform the church and to secure its traditions led the Counter Reformation. Moreover, the Counter Reformation lasted several years with several key phases. The success that lied within this reformation made the Catholic Church legitimate once again.…
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Let Christians be more confident of entering heaven when they’ve gone through the many hard times they will face. Instead many Christians have the frame of mind that everything is going to be fine when indeed it is not. Therefore, they have engaged in a false assurance of peace because of their not realizing that they need to endure the many trials yet to come before they can rejoice in knowing that their place is waiting for them in heaven. Catholic’s believed that if they had given a certain amount of money to the church they would be absolved from their sins, however, Luther wrote that preaching that the soul flies out of purgatory immediately the money chinks in the bottom of the chest was wrong.…
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The religious movement made its manifestation in Europe in the sixteen century. This was the beginning of the Reformation. The Reformation is reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches (Reformation 2003). The Reformation resulted in many wars, more suspicion of witchcraft and corruption. This paper will discuss social and culture issues relating to wars of religion, political issues of religious wars, religious conflicts associated to women, and lastly the social problem of the 17th century.…
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People like Erasmus, Wycliffe, and many others searched for tools and reforms within the Catholic Church. The desire of a reform brought Bibles, tracts and pamphlets to the public. A new knowledge spread and the “traditional catholic thinking” had its first three trials in the supreme court of God´s judgement. The first judgement was nailed in a German Church. It contained the ninety-five thesis against the corrupted Catholic practices.…
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The reformation was started when Luther wrote the 95 theses as a way to convey his disapproval for current Catholic behavior. The Catholics faced many problems with its clergy, mainly clerical immorality, ignorance, and absenteeism. Curing the Reformation, the Catholic and Protestant churches showed distinctly different doctrines and beliefs, as reflected by the aesthetics of their respective churches. The Catholics believed in 7 Sacraments, Veneration of Saints and elaborate church construction. The Protestants showed a drastically different system, with only 2-3 Sacraments, no honoring the Veneration of Saints, and a very simple church demeanor.…
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While continuously more Christians of Europe were beginning to lose their faith in the church’s leadership and were developing a feeling of doubt or mistrust, it was the Reformation and Martin Luther who came in and gave the people a sense of direction and feeling of hope. This new Protestant tradition at the time lifted this overwhelming cloud of misused power over the Christian community and provided a time for change with new opportunities. The Protestant reformation ended the religious unity of Europe and the church and furthermore started a new era in the history of western…
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The Protestant Reformation as a whole tells a compelling story, with many intricate twists and turns. With the established goals of purifying the way people practiced Christianity, the movement and subsequent counter-movements by the Catholic Church grasped Europe in the 15th century. Many people know the stories and successes of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, Germany, England, and other portions of Western Europe. Lesser known is the story of Poland. Poland’s narrative of religious reform is as peaceful as any, but equally gripping as any other nation’s saga. The Polish Protestant Reformation was never as successful as in other countries, due to a few key factors. This essay explains the context in which the Protestant Reformation…
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In this paper, I will be talking about the protestant reformation. The protestant reformation was the breaking of the Catholic church’s power and the beginning of a new era for Christianity. God used a Catholic monk, Martin Luther, to see the light and spread it to the whole world that was in the dark. The Catholic church had made being a Christian a job instead of a loving relationship between the people and their creator. God’s Champion, Martin Luther, started a revolution that changed the course of history forever.…
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The main theme of the Reformation is the implosion of the Catholic Church into many smaller Protestant sects and the end of idea that western Europe could be united as “Christendom” under the power of the papacy. The Reformation (1517-1550) of ideas was followed by a devastating century of religious wars and revolts (1550-1650), all of which started from religious reasons, but soon morphed into the more basic political wars of conquest. For world history purposes, the zeal that was inflamed by the Reformation and the religious wars sent missionaries to Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.…
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