Poverty Philippines Causes Constraints 
POVERTY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
CAUSES, CONSTRAINTS,
AND OPPORTUNITIES
© 2009 Asian Development Bank
All rights reserved. Published 2009.
Printed in the Philippines.
ISBN 978-971-561-857-1
Publication Stock No. RPT090621
Cataloging-In-Publication Data
Asian Development Bank.
Poverty in the Philippines: causes, constraints, and opportunities.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2009.
1. Poverty.
2. Philippines.
I. Asian Development Bank.
The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.
By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area
ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB.
Note: In this report, “$” refers to US dollars, “P” refers to Philippine pesos.
Asian Development Bank
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel +63 2 632 4444
Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, contact
Department of External Relations
Fax +63 2 636 2648 adbpub@adb.org CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, BOXES, AND APPENDIXES ............................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... vii
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... viii
PART 1
Executive Summary
IN THE PHILIPPINES
CAUSES, CONSTRAINTS,
AND OPPORTUNITIES
© 2009 Asian Development Bank
All rights reserved. Published 2009.
Printed in the Philippines.
ISBN 978-971-561-857-1
Publication Stock No. RPT090621
Cataloging-In-Publication Data
Asian Development Bank.
Poverty in the Philippines: causes, constraints, and opportunities.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2009.
1. Poverty.
2. Philippines.
I. Asian Development Bank.
The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.
By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area
ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB.
Note: In this report, “$” refers to US dollars, “P” refers to Philippine pesos.
Asian Development Bank
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel +63 2 632 4444
Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, contact
Department of External Relations
Fax +63 2 636 2648 adbpub@adb.org CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, BOXES, AND APPENDIXES ............................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... vii
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... viii
PART 1
Executive Summary
References: incidence (Dollar and Kray 2004, Rodrik 2000). down (i.e., 1987–1989, 1994–1997, and 2000– 2003). studies have also shown the importance of illness to poverty descents (Narayan and Petesh 2007).