Pet Therapy
Pet therapy can be dated as far back as prehistory time when humans noticed that animals were not only used for food, but they were also friends and companions. Animal-facilitated therapy is one of the newer forms of medicine used throughout the nation. The origin of animal-facilitated therapy can be traced as far back as 18th century. The York Retreat, founded in 1792 by the Quaker merchant William Tuke, was cited to be the first use of animal-facilitated therapy. Instead of harsh forms of treatment, the York Retreat emphasized positive means to control behavior. Animals could be found all over the retreat, and the patients were encouraged to learn to care after them. The York Retreat is used as a model today in the form of animal-facilitated therapy (Cusack 2). The earliest form of animal-facilitated therapy in the United States was when Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane suggested using dogs with psychiatric patients at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in Washington D.C (Hooker 18). Pawling Army Air Force Convalescent Hospital at Pawling, New York introduced pet therapy in 1942. The patients were encouraged to work with many farm animals as well as engage in academic studies. Amphibians were also used from the nearby forest as pets for the patients. The patients would hold frog jumping contests and turtle races which inspired a competitive spirit and provided an educational background (Cusack 3). Pet therapy was finally considered a legitimate therapeutic use in 1961 when Dr. Boris Levinson documented his observations (Hooker 18). There are a few different classified types of pet therapy. Animal-assisted activities or animal-facilitated therapy, animal-assisted therapy, and pet-facilitated therapy are the main types of therapy used. A newer form of therapy called canine candy striping started at UCLA in 1994, has also become a popular method. Researchers are beginning to distinguish between animal-assisted activities, which are practiced in
Cited: “About Animal-Assisted Activities and Animal-Assisted Therapy.” Delta Society. n.d. 1 Apr. 2005. http://www.deltasociety.org/aboutaaat.htm Baun, Mara M., and Barbara W Beck, Alan, and Aaron Katcher. Between Pets and People: The Importance of Animal Companionship. Toronto, Canada: General Publishing Co. Limited, 1983. 4, 30, 157-58, 161-62, 266. Catanzaro, Thomas E. “Human-Animal Bond and Secondary Prevention.” American Behavioral Scientist 47 (2003): 40 Cusack, Odean, and Elaine Smith Hooker, Shirley, Linda Holbrook Freeman, and Pamela Stewart. “Pet Therapy Research: A Historical Review.” Holistic Nursing Practice. 17 (2002): 17-23. Levinson, Boris M. Pets and the Human Development. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1972. 43-48. “Puppy Love.” Nursing Standard 18 (2004): 23. “Pet Therapy: Healing, Recovery, and Love.” Pawprints and Paws. n.d.10 Feb. 2001 http://www.sniksnak.com/therapy.html Roosevelt, Margot Strimple, Earl O. “A History of Prison Inmate-Animal Interaction Programs.” American Behavioral Scientist 47 (2003): 70. Whiteley, Ellen. “The Healing Power of Pets.” Saturday Evening Post 258 (1986): 22.