Being the most prevalent form of periodontitis, chronic periodontitis is defined as “an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissue of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth.”1 It is most prevalent in elderly patients with the presence of causative factors such as calculus, plaques, associated systemic conditions, smoking and overhanging restorations.2 Clinically, chronic periodontitis is often associated with a decrease in bone level, decrease in periodontal attachment level and loss of stippling effect of the healthy gingival, periodontal pockets formation and gingival inflammation. As chronic periodontitis may be asymptomatic with the gingival appearing healthy despite the presence of ongoing underlying infection, patients may be totally unaware of the existence of the condition and continue assuming that their gingival health is good.3 This makes it particularly difficult for the patient to accept treatment, further contributing to the progression of the disease. Because plaques and calculus are the primary initiating factors in gingivitis and periodontitis, plaque retentive factors are notably important in the development of…
"Dental health remains of great importance to an individual's overall health, yet the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare reports 50 percent of 12 year olds in the country have decay in…
Fluoride has been remarkably successful in reducing the burden of dental caries. While the rise in dental caries, which has occurred in many countries, has been due to an increase in sugar consumption, the fall in caries has been due to the increased use of fluorides. Over 50 years ago, fluoride in drinking water was shown to protect against caries development. Since then, much research has shown that fluoride delivered in ways other than in water also protects against dental caries. These methods include: solutions, gels, toothpastes, mouthrinses, tablets, salt, milk, varnishes, mousses, and slow-release devices. It is common to class these as those providing a systemic effect (where fluoride is swallowed intentionally) and those providing a topical effect (formulated not to be swallowed). However, there is much overlap since these 'systemic' methods provide an important topical effect, and some of these 'topical' agents are swallowed, providing some systemic effect. Another way of classifying these methods is automatic, home-care and professional care. All are effective: they can be used in combination, with increased effectiveness, and the task is to choose appropriately to maximise benefit, especially for those with the greatest need, and at least cost. The World Health Organization has repeatedly promoted the appropriate use of fluorides, as illustrated in the statement adopted in May 2007 in Geneva by the Sixtieth World Health Assembly.…
Michael Norlen is one of those many people whom are effected by a major disease that is ever growing in our Society. This disease is not one you might think of when someone phrases it this way, but is still very harmful to those who find themselves with it. This disease is Depression. Norlen found himself with depression midway through his life and it completely stopped the way he functions in life. He worked a successful job as a lawyer completely fell apart. Three major events happened to Norlen in his initial work place as a result of this depression. He began to stop functioning in his workplace because of his depression. This resulted in the eviction from his workplace. Norlen began to feel distant around his wife and daughter and his…
Dental care is something that starts at birth and requires maintenance throughout a lifetime to avoid a wide variety of problems, including cavities, gum disease, and even tooth loss. Your dentist at Winnetka Dental Care subsequently recommends emphasizing the importance of oral hygiene to children while they’re still very young to ensure good habits.…
Russel, S., & Mayberry, L. (2008). Pregnancy and oral health: A review and recommendations to…
Prevention of oral diseases: Brushing and flossing combined with regular by a dental professional will control…
The Faming Revolution, which came as a result of the extinction of many previous food sources, can be accredited with this enormous increase. With the introduction of farming came the introduction of sugar, which then sparked the Industrial Revolution. Over a short period of time, the world went from an agriculture-based economy to a machine-based economy, successfully altering the production of food from small-scale and natural to large-scale and highly processed. As technology advanced, more and more highly-processed, sugary foods became readily available to the public, such as soda and candy. The consumption of such alters the natural pH of saliva in the mouth, making it more acidic, dissolving minerals in tooth enamel and causing cavities (Evolutionary Theory of Dentistry 975). The softened nature of such highly-processed foods also causes a misalignment of the teeth, which is found presently in nine out of every 10 adolescents in the United States. With the growing amount of sugars in normal diets, we are also creating favorable situations for bacteria to grow and flourish, making more and more humans susceptible to systemic diseases such as diabetes. With the introduction of farming, and thus, sugar, to…
1.What is the Glasgow Coma Scale? The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The GCS is an objective assessment that defines the level of consciousness by giving it a numeric value…
Children and young people throughout their lives will make choices such as whether to eat healthily or unhealthily or to start smoking or drinking. As in any early years setting we ensure we provide healthy snacks and diet…
The patient who is complaining of retrosternal chest pain which is sharp and relieved by sitting up or leaning forward, gets worse when lying down, breathing, coughing and radiates to the both arms will tell us that it might be acute pericarditis. In this case physical examination will show decrease in apex pulse, by percussion the heart would be slightly enlarged and a slight friction rub by auscultation on lower left sternal border. And then we will do diagnostic tests including ECG, echocardiography, chest X-ray, and also some lab tests. ECG might show ST elevation, and also there might be PR depression. To differentiate from myocardial infarction there won’t be any pathologic q wave. We will measure pericardial fluid amount and quality by echocardiography. By doing chest x-ray we can see the pericardial fluid too. Since it is an inflammation process there will be increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lymphocyte. In some cases there might be slight change in creatinine kinase.…
Pertussis has made a reemergence in well-vaccinated populations. Pathogenic adaptation and the decrease in strength are most likely the cause of the reemergence of pertussis. There is pressure for vaccine research because of the resurgence of the pathogen. Pertussis remains one of the leading causes of vaccine preventable deaths in infants under 1 year of age. Pertussis is a Gram-negative, bacillus called Bordetella pertussis. This bacterium binds to the ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx of the upper respiratory tract. Disease presentation depends on age and history of previous infection or vaccination. Young infants present apnea and cyanosis, with or without disease symptoms. Adults and teens usually show mild symptoms, and have a typical prolonged cough. The human Bordetellea are classified as monomorphic, but there is evidence of genetic variation in B. pertussis. As far as vaccines, there are two types of licensed pertussis vaccines. The first generation is whole cell vaccines (WCVs), which are killed cells. The second generation is acellular vaccines (ACVs), which contain virulence factors. The WCVs contain whole dead cells that can cause more adverse effects compared to ACVs, which have been gradually replacing WCVs. Some of the virulence factors that the ACV uses are pertactin, filamentous hemagglutinin, two fimbriae serotypes, and chemically detoxified pertussis toxin. WCVs induce type 1 helper T cells, which assist cytotoxic T cells. WCVs also induce a broad antibody response against a range of surface antigens. ACVs induce type 2 helper T cells, which assist B cells. It causes a high antibody response against the vaccine antigens presented. Both of these vaccines give satisfactory long-term protection against pertussis. WCV is estimated to protect for 4-12 years and the AVC could last 5-7 years. Programs to vaccinate began in the 1950s with the WCV. This caused a dramatic drop in mortality and morbidity in children.…
Paget’s disease or osteitis deformans (now corrected as osteodystrophia deformans) is normally a benign chronic disorder of the bone that results in various complications like bone deformities, pathological fractures and osteoarthritis (Ralston 2008). It is estimated to occur in about 2-3% of the U.S population of adults over 60 years of age and is the second most common disease after osteoporosis. The occurrence of this disease has been characterized by a significant increase in bone turnover rate and disorganization of the structure and arrangement of the bone trabeculae. This results due to increased osteoclastic activity and bone remodeling or irregular deposition, leading to the formation of large amounts of fibrous tissue which replaces marrow in the medullary spaces of the bone (Hamdy 1981).…
Growth and development within normal range Dietary needs, eating habits and dental hygiene provided (Edelman, C.&Mandle,2010)…
In the health perception category parents are responsible for their child’s perceived level of health and well-being, and on practices for maintaining health. In the school age years the children are beginning to incorporate their own health practices like good hygiene in their daily lives. The nutrition and metabolic pattern continues with help of the parents. Toddlers and preschoolers rely on their parents to make sure that they are eating the right foods. School age kids are in the stage where they can pick out their own foods and have been taught what the best sources of good nutrition are. In the toddler age group, parents are beginning to initiate toileting training. By the school age years this age groups has elimination patterns similar to adults. With the exception of those who have elimination problems like enuresis.…