Oligarchy in Indonesia
Oligarchy in Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
The word oligarchy originated from the Greek word oligarkhia, oligoi ‘few’ and arkhein ‘to rule’ which as a system refers to the politics of wealth defense by materially endowed actors. While oligarchs are actors who command and control massive concentrations of material resources that can be deployed to defend or enhance their personal wealth or exclusive social position. Oligarchs pose a problem as they are composed by extremely wealthy individuals, only a small part of society sharing material interests and they are concerened to only protect their wealth against from rival oligarchs, or the state. They determine political strategies of wealth and income defense that vary according to the threats and so does the oligarchic rule which they made.
In democracy, political power is formally spread based on rights, procedure, and level of popular participation. This shows such a contrast with oligarchy where the concentration of material power is based on power of claim or rights on property and wealth.
According to Winters, the source of power where there are five forms of essential individual power; power based on formal political right, official position in the government or an oganisation, coercive power, power of mobilisation, and power of resources(wealth).
OLIGARCHY IN INDONESIA The seeds of oligarchy in Indonesia have developed since the era of 1950s according to Hadiz, as a coherency between economy nationalism which characterises state-centric and oligarchy predatoric that is gathered in the immediate vicinity of Indonesia along with the bureaucracy of its political corps.
It is the position of Suharto as the center of oligarchy which is called as sultanistic oligarchy by Winters where the rule was not collective, but individual and personalized, and the monopoly of coercion is in the hands of one oligarch rather than ans institutionalized state constrained by laws. As the ruling of New Order came to an end,
INTRODUCTION
The word oligarchy originated from the Greek word oligarkhia, oligoi ‘few’ and arkhein ‘to rule’ which as a system refers to the politics of wealth defense by materially endowed actors. While oligarchs are actors who command and control massive concentrations of material resources that can be deployed to defend or enhance their personal wealth or exclusive social position. Oligarchs pose a problem as they are composed by extremely wealthy individuals, only a small part of society sharing material interests and they are concerened to only protect their wealth against from rival oligarchs, or the state. They determine political strategies of wealth and income defense that vary according to the threats and so does the oligarchic rule which they made.
In democracy, political power is formally spread based on rights, procedure, and level of popular participation. This shows such a contrast with oligarchy where the concentration of material power is based on power of claim or rights on property and wealth.
According to Winters, the source of power where there are five forms of essential individual power; power based on formal political right, official position in the government or an oganisation, coercive power, power of mobilisation, and power of resources(wealth).
OLIGARCHY IN INDONESIA The seeds of oligarchy in Indonesia have developed since the era of 1950s according to Hadiz, as a coherency between economy nationalism which characterises state-centric and oligarchy predatoric that is gathered in the immediate vicinity of Indonesia along with the bureaucracy of its political corps.
It is the position of Suharto as the center of oligarchy which is called as sultanistic oligarchy by Winters where the rule was not collective, but individual and personalized, and the monopoly of coercion is in the hands of one oligarch rather than ans institutionalized state constrained by laws. As the ruling of New Order came to an end,