Motivation in the Workplace
Motivation and more specifically, motivation in the workplace cannot be defined simply. From an Industrial/Organizational psychology standpoint, motivation can be defined as "those processes within an individual that stimulate behavior and channel it in ways that should benefit the organization as a whole" (Miner, 1992, p. 54). The challenging subject of motivation has been studied and analyzed for many decades. Such interest and study is in part attributable to the understanding and appreciation of how crucial it is to motivate the employee. Theorists offer differing opinions as to what does offer motivation. To a degree, motivation is very personal and what may initiate the motivational drive in some people may not do so for others. Motivation processes set the tone of the organizational goals. While the organization cannot be held completely accountable for the motivation of its employees, the leaders must understand the motivation process since they play such an integral role in its development. The challenge is to improve the motivation process of those individual 's comprising the organization. These internal processes may be activated by intrinsic or extrinsic rewards. Regarding motivation, theorists have developed opinions over a period of decades. As early as the 1920 's, the Hawthorne Studies conducted a series of experiments at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago. These studies were led by the Harvard Business School professor Elton Mayo who explored degrees of productivity and working conditions. This study concluded that employees are not motivated exclusively by money and that "employee behavior is linked to their attitudes" (Lindner, 1998, p.l). It is believed that the Hawthorne Studies started what is referred to as the human relations approach to management. With this approach, the needs and motivation of employees are the focal point of the employers. Mayo 's studies also support the opinion of others who contend
References: Ashforth, B.E. & Humphrey, R.H. (1995). Emotion in the Workplace: A Reappraisal. Human Relations, 48, 97-120. Elton Mayo 's Hawthorne Experiments into Employee Motivation and Workplace Productivity. Retrieved May 7, 2006 from http://www.accel-team/motivation/hawthorne_02.html. Employee Motivation. Practical Application of Theory into Workplace. Retrieved May 7, 2006 from http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/practice_01.html. Expectancy Theory – Victor Vroom. Retrieved May 7, 2006 from http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_vroom_expectancy_theory.html. Lawler, E.E. (1973). Motivation in Work Organizations. Monteray, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing. Lindner, J.R. (1998). Understanding Employee Motivation. Journal of Extension, 36(3).Retrieved April 30, 2006, from http://www.joe.org/joe/1998june/rb3.html Maddock, R.C Miner, J.B. (1992). Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Stroh, L.K. (2002) Organizational Behavior: A Management Challenge. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Inc. Two Factor Theory-Herzberg, Fredrick. Retrieved May 7, 2006 from http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_herzberg_two_factor_theory.html Vroom, V.H