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| 1 | Haile T. Debas, Sean J. Mulvihill “Complications of peptic ulcer”. Michael J. Zinner, et al. Maingot’s abdominal operations. USA: Prentice Hall International Inc; 1997. 981pp. | 2 | Timothy J. B., Jeffrey B. M. “Ulcer Complications”. Michael J. Zinner, et al. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations, 11th Edition 2007; McGraw-Hill Companies Inc; 357pp. | 3 | Alan G. Johnson “peptic ulcer – stomach and duodenum”. Peter J. Morris, Willim C. Wood. Chapter-23.1 in Oxford text book of surgery. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. 997pp. | 4 | Fineberg HV, Pearlman LA. Surgical treatment of peptic ulcer in the United States: trends before and after the introduction of cimetidine. Lancet 1981; i: 1305– | 5 | Paimela H, Oksala NKJ, Kivilaakso E. Surgery for peptic ulcer today. Dig. Surg. 2004; 21: 185–91.Svanes C. Trends in perorated peptic ulcer: incidence, etiology, treatment, prognosis. World J. Surg. 2000; 24: 277–83. | .6 | McConell DB, Baba GC, Deveney CW. Changes in surgical treatment of peptic ulcer disease within a veteran hospital in the 1970s and the 1980s. Arch. Surg. 1989; 124: 1164–7. | 8 | 8 Lena GM, Blomgren MD. Perforated peptic ulcer: long-term results after simple closure in the elderly. World J. Surg. 1997; 21: 412–15. | 9 | 9 Svanes C, Salvesen H, Stangeland L, Svanes K, Soreide O. Perforated peptic ulcer over 56 years. Time trends in patients and disease characteristics.Gut 1993; 34: 1666–71 | 10 | Armstrong CP, Blower AL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and life-threatening complications of peptic ulceration. Gut 1987; 28: 527–32. | 11 | 11 Nogueria C, Silva AS, Santos JN et al. Perforated peptic ulcer. Main factors of morbidity and mortality. World J. Surg. 2003; 27: 782–7. | 12 | 12 Hermansson M, Von Holstein CS, Zilling T. Surgical approach and prognostic factors after peptic ulcer perforation. Eur. J. Surg. 1999; 165: 566–72. | 13 | Testini M, Portincasa P, Piccini G, Lissidini G, Pellegrini F, Greco

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