Preview

Lloyd Fredendall

Better Essays
Open Document
Open Document
1115 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Lloyd Fredendall
Lloyd Fredendall
The Battle of Kasserine Pass proved to be a shock both to American military forces in the field and to the American public at home. The defeat of the Allied forces in the battle put doubt into the minds of many. The defeat suffered by the Allies had nothing to do with right versus wrong, however, but was very much a product of a number of operational shortcomings on the part of the Allies (Carr). Poor logistics, failures on the part of American leadership, lack of unity of effort on the part of the Allies, the lack of combat experience, and inferior equipment all combined to contribute to the failure at Kasserine. Despite the setback at Kasserine Pass, the Americans proved quick learners and applied the lessons of the North African experience to the remainder of their campaign in the European theater.
Some Reason for defend included logistics issues, failures on the part of the Allies to adhere to principles of war, problems with the use of intelligence information, and general failings on the part of various American and Allied military leaders throughout the theater of operations. Additionally, the essay will briefly discuss how this defeat, combined with experiences throughout the Tunisian campaign proved to be a great learning experience, providing invaluable lessons for the war in Europe. The failure at Kasserine Pass proved to be a temporary tactical setback for the American and Allied forces. Despite the various operational failings on the part of the Allies, and particularly the Americans, Axis forces were unable to make any strategic gains from their victories. Ultimately, the Americans learned much from their failures in this campaign; lessons that would be carried over to the ensuing campaigns in Sicily, Italy, and northern France. A valuable lesson for the Americans was the importance of competent combat leadership. Eisenhower realized the role of commanders to instill the necessary discipline among the troops and also the importance



Cited: Ambrose, Stephen E. D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. Print. Carr, Vincent M., Jr. "The Battle Of Kasserine Pass: An Examination Of Allied Operational Failings." The Defense Technical Information Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA424990>. Citino, Robert M. "Fredendall 's Art of War." History Net-Live The History. N.p., 04 Mar. 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.historynet.com/fredendalls-art-of-war.htm>. D 'Este, Carlo. Patton: A Genius for War. New York: HarperCollins, 1995. Print.

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Powerful Essays

    In military history, any conflict can stand out as a perfect example of mission success or a heartfelt reminder of how dangerous and complex the operational environment can be. In March of 2002, there was one of the finest displays of Bravery, Gallantry, Cunning, and sheer will to survive by any human being, a remarkable feat considering the small number of personnel involved. It was a strategic mission by the United States and other Coalition Forces, in order to gain key terrain that would influence the enemy and ultimately lead to their defeat. This is the Historical Case Study of the Battle of Takur Ghar in Afghanistan. It was later dubbed Roberts Ridge, in order to pay homage to the battle that ensued…

    • 1824 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    No clear commander’s intent existed; therefore, operational commanders chose to develop their own plans independently. As a result, operational commanders “failed to use all available forces to their maximum capability…” As a result, Axis forces successfully executed a phased withdrawal to the Italian mainland to regroup and prepare for the anticipated invasion of Italy. Although Husky did achieve its strategic objective of causing Italy’s withdrawal from the war, Husky also illustrated the effects of poor planning. Eisenhower and Alexander did not involve themselves early or often in the planning process nor did they insure development of a fully operational plan that established clear objectives and demanded unity of effort. Had this occurred, “the campaign may have been shorter, less costly, and more…

    • 1542 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Better Essays

    MDMP Paper

    • 1056 Words
    • 3 Pages

    The second error that occurred was understanding airpower deployment time. The CJTF failed to integrate air planners in the planning and mission. Do to the fact that air planners were not involved key effects occurred during the battle. One was air tankers were being replaced during…

    • 1056 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    Eisenhower clarified the concern that Fredendall did not add value in commanding II Corps. In clarifying the concern, a critical thinker must ensure that the problem or issue is not framed in a way that limits courses of action. However, Eisenhower’s lack of experience in high command is demonstrated by his hesitation to relieve Fredendall of command of II Corps. His judgment in this matter would later lead to the British having a negative point of view of the United States’ performance in its first significant effort at war.…

    • 1694 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    In the summer of 1940, World War II had been in progress for nearly a year. Adolf Hitler was victorious and planning an invasion of England to seal Europe’s fate. Everyone in the United States of America knew it. The Germans were too powerful. Hitler's Luftwaffe had too many planes, too many pilots and too many bombs and since Hitler was Europe's problem, the United States claimed to be a neutral country (Neutrality Act of 1939). Seven Americans, however, did not remain neutral and that’s what this book is about. They joined Britain's Royal Air Force to help save Britain in its darkest hour to fight off the skilled pilots of Germany's Luftwaffe in the blue skies over England, the English Channel, and North Europe. By October 1940, they had helped England succeed in one of the greatest air battles in the history of aviation, the Battle of Britain. This book helps to show the impact of the few Americans who joined the Battle of Britain to fight off an evil that the United States didn’t acknowledge at the time. The name of Kershaw’s book was inspired from the quote, “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to sow few,” which was said by British Officer and Prime Minister Winston Churchill.…

    • 1089 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Kokoda Track, one of the most vital battles in World War II, was the last defense against invasion of Australia by the Japanese. The soldiers who fought on the Kokoda Track had to experience some of the most severe climate and terrain of WWII. They were not prepared for it. The troops (many of whom who were conscripted) were young and inexperienced as well as naïve as to what they were about to endure. A large shortage of troops and supplies for the Kokoda battle, and a poor understanding of war by the troops were major disadvantages, yet the Australians persevered and were determined and managed to win the battle of Kokoda. Many of the troops kept their mental and physical battle scars for life.…

    • 1147 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Allied forces undervalued establishing mutual trust within the joint force throughout Operation Husky. Mutual trust informs the execution of commander’s intent and enables the speed necessary for decision–making cycles and provides the moral synergy during mission command. [Dempsey, p. 6] American land forces’ substandard performance against the Axis powers in North Africa, developed on-going distrust between British and American land forces, which carried forward to Operation Husky. For instance, reciprocal distrust among British and American forces strongly influenced the decision to place British elements in primary operational roles, while regulating American ground forces to secondary and supportive roles during Allied operations. Despite…

    • 145 Words
    • 1 Page
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Operation Husky Essay

    • 1350 Words
    • 6 Pages

    The operation suffered due to poor coordination and unity of effort between the Armies and supporting elements. The inadequate use of fires and intelligence during the operation would prove costly. Commanders assess the situation and make effective decisions based on intelligence, along with associated risks while integrating all joint functions to operate seamlessly and engage as a whole. Intelligence provided to the commander for the Gela port facility targeted by the 1st Div concluded the port was not mined due to pictures of boats; however, the Division found old boats in the port that was heavily mined and caused heavy casualties. Fire support was problematic for the ground forces as Allied air yielded the airspace over the beaches to the Axis. Air Marshal Coningham, Commander of Allied tactical air forces, had established an unresponsive system that required requests for close air support to be submitted twelve hours in advance. Allied forces enjoyed the benefit of air superiority and the numerical advantage; however, ground commander’s requests went unfilled and had little to no idea where air forces would strike. Additionally, reports state that Coningham would not authorize justified requests and was indifferent to requests for air support from ground forces. As the…

    • 1350 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    * Section 3: This section will be used to describe in detail which specific weapons gave the U.S. an advantage over her enemies. It will prove that tactics and weapons were the reasons that the U.S. was able to win the battles we were involved in.…

    • 294 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Three decisive points essential to unlocking the Allied center of gravity (COG) are the Allied destroy Axis forces in the Libyan Desert, sea superiority obtained from the Atlantic Ocean to throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and last, the Suez Canal remaining in Allied control. Victory and control of these three essential points will definitely make Operational TORCH successful. Discussion follows on the significance of each point. First, destruction of the Axis forces (Panzerarmee Afrika) in the Libyan Desert settles most of the land of Eastern North Africa. A battle of almost two years ends. This victory strengthens the Allied and weakens the Axis. The Desert is finally settled. Furthermore, this battle was COG for the Allied and Axis.…

    • 261 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    hius-308 final essay

    • 1559 Words
    • 5 Pages

    “From a strategic standpoint, the American way of war seeks swift military victory, independent of strategic policy success; the desired political and military outcomes do not always align. When analyzed, this…

    • 1559 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Mission Command

    • 2076 Words
    • 9 Pages

    With German forces on the run following the Allied success at Normandy and the breakout and pursuit across France, Allied forces were staged to enter Germany in late summer 1944. Both Field Marshal Montgomery and General Bradley clamored to be given the priority of effort. General Eisenhower chose Montgomery’s Operation MARKET GARDEN as the plan for action. It called for airborne forces to open the route for a ground force to move more than sixty miles up a single road, ending up north of the Rhine River near Arnhem, Netherlands. By accomplishing this task, the German Ruhr industrial heartland would be within easy grasp. But the operation failed. The ground force did not make it to the last bridge; it was six more months before Allied forces crossed the Lower Rhine River near Arnhem. Between 17 and 26 September 1944, there were 17,000 Allied casualties including eighty percent of the 1st Airborne Division (UK). The historical evidence overwhelmingly shows that the British 1st Airborne Division lost the Battle of Arnhem because of poor planning. This paper will prove the failure of The Battle of Arnhem was not solely the fault of MG Roy Urquhart. Although this was his first command of such a division (being an "outsider") could he have not completed his wartime mission any better despite having inexperienced leaders planning airborne operations, bad intelligence, allowing the Air Force to plan the DZs based off what was best for the air movement plan and poor execution. This paper examines MG Urquhart, the commander of 1st Airborne Division (UK).…

    • 2076 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Goals Of Operation HUSKY

    • 1418 Words
    • 6 Pages

    The goals of Operation HUSKY were to: “1)... secure Allied lines of communication in the Mediterranean, 2) divert as much German strength as possible from the Russian front and, 3) pressure Italy to drop out of the war. ” As Swanson further points out, “the specific military objective for the campaign would be to capture and control the island as a base for future military operations. ” While the operation was ultimately successful in achieving many of its main objectives, the nature of its design undermined the operation’s success in more than one way, on more than one occasion. A study of Operation HUSKY gives us further insight into the problems of the operational level of warfare, as, from its inception, Op HUSKY seemed to have a number…

    • 1418 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    "why did the Allies win?" For Overy, to ask such a question is to presuppose that there was nothing pre-ordained about Allied success (Overy pg 1). To understand the Allied victory, Overy asserts that we must realize that explanations of resources, technology, of fighting men, are not enough on their own to explain victory. The moral dimension to warfare, he asserts, is inseparable from any understanding of the outcome. The role of human agency is extensive. With this…

    • 933 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Two of these lessons clearly stand out: Overconfident leadership, and ignoring the intelligence. There was clearly a lack of communication, coordination, and planning at all echelons. Information sharing is key to plan such a large scale airborne operation that involved numerous airborne and ground units. No matter how much of the operation was planned, if the information is being stovepipe, then the mission is doomed for failure. In Market Garden senior leadership jockeyed for position and assets; therefore sparred amongst themselves. I truly believe these leadership errors lead to ignoring the intelligence. Regardless of the Germans will or lack thereof to fight, their sheer numbers on the ground were much larger than what Montgomery wanted to truly believe. Logistical lines suffered with limited maneuverable passages; but more importantly because of all these issues, not all the bridges to Arnhem were secured in time for Garden to advance to Arnhem. Market Garden will be one of the most analyzed operations in history not only due to its failure, but also for its the overzealous leadership and the rush to end the…

    • 1447 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays