Juvenile justice

Chapter 1 Questions
1) Ego Identity- Is formed when persons develope a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for.
2) Role Diffusion- Occurs youths spread themselves to thin, experiance personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develope themselves.
3) At-risk Youths-young people who are extremly vulnerableto the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality
4) Juvenile Delinquency- Participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit.
5) Chronic Juvenile offenders- youths that have been arrested 4 or more times during their minority and perpetuate a stricking majority of serious criminal acts. Known as the "chronic 6 percent" is believed to engage in significant portion of all delinquent behavior, these youths do not age out of crime but continue their criminal behavior into adulthood.
6) Juvenile Justice System- The segment of the justice system including law enforcment officers, the courts, and the correction agencies, that is designed to treat youthful offenders.
7) Paternalistic Family- A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises complete control over his wife and children.
8) Poor Laws- English statutes that allow the courts to appoint overseers for destitute and neglected children, allowing placment of these children as servants in the homes of the affluent.
9) Chancery Courts- Court proceedings created in the 15th century england to oversee the lives of highborn minors who where orphaned or otherwise could not care for themselves.
10) Parens Patriae- The power of the state to act on behalf of the child and provide care and protection equivilant to that of a parent
11) Child Savers- 19th century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system: today some critics veiw them as being more concerned with control of the poor then with thier welfare.
12) House of Refuge- A care facility developed by the child savors to protect potential criminal youths by taking them off the streets and providing them a family-like envoronment.
13) Children's Aid Society- Child saving organixation that took children from the streets of large cities and placed them with farm families on the prairie
14) Orphan Trains- A practice of the Childrens Aid society in which urban youths where sent to west for adoption with local farm couples
15) Law Enforcement Assistance administration- was a U.S. federal agency within the U.S. Dept. of Justice. It administered federal funding to state and local law enforcement agencies, and funded educational programs, research, state planning agencies, and local crime initiatives.
16) Office of juvenile justice and delinquent prevention- branch of the U.S Justice Dept charged with shaping national juvenile justice policy through disbursement of federal aid and research funds
17) Delinquent- Juvenile that has been adjicated by a judicial officer of a juvenile court as having commited a delinquent act
18) Best interest of the child- A philisophical viewpoint that encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquient behavior.
19) Need for treatment-The criteria on which the juvenile sentencing is based. Ideally, juveniles are treated according to their need for treatment and not for the seriousness of the delinquent act they commited.
20) Waiver- Transferring legal jurisdiction over the most serious and experianced juvenile offenders to the adult court for criminal prosecution
21) Status offender- A child who is subject to state authority by reason of having commited an act forbidden to youth and illegal soley because the child is underage.

Chapter 3 Questions
1) Discuss the differences between Choice Theory and Trait Theory. (pg 59 & 60)
a. Choice Theory- Youth have freewill to participate in delinquent/criminal behavior.
b. Trait Theory- suggest that delinquent acts are the product of personal problems and conditions.
2) List and discuss the personal factors that are linked to the decision to choose delinquency. (hint 4 factors) (pg 62-64)
a. Economic Need/ Opportunity – kids are motivated by economic need.
b. Problem Solving- Kids commit crimes as a means to solve personal problems and to show competence.
c. False Expectations- Delinquent youth have a false belief that “crime pays”.
d. Opportunity- Kids who have a lot of time take the opportunity to commit delinquent acts.
3) Explain the differences between general and specific deterrence. (pg 66 & 67)
a. General- the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment. People will commit crimes if they believe they will be successful in their criminal behavior.
b. Specific- shows that if a young offender is punished severely enough they will not repeat their criminal act.
4) Define the concept of situational crime prevention. (pg 69)
a. To reduce delinquent activity by controlling and recognizing the characteristics of sites and situations that are at risks to crimes.
5) Name 3 factors that can neutralize delinquency. (pg 69)
a. Potential targets are carefully guarded.
b. The means to commit crimes are controlled.
c. Potential offenders are carefully monitored.
6) How are hotspots and crackdowns used as a beneficial type of crime prevention? (pg 70)
a. Hotspots are a particular location that is the site of repeated and frequent criminal activity that law enforcement must use increased efforts in those areas.
b. Crackdowns is a law enforcement operation that is designed to reduce or eliminate a particular criminal activity through the application of aggressive police tactics. They may displace a legal activity to areas where there are fewer police.
7) Who developed the theory of criminal atavism and what is it? (pg 72)
a. Cesare Lombroso. It is the idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors.
8) List and discuss the three biological views of delinquency. (hint: chart 3.2- concept summary) (pg 80)
a. Biochemical- delinquency is a function of diet vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance, or food allergies.
b. Neurological- delinquents often suffer brain impairment as measured by the EEG. ADHD and minimal brain dysfunction are related to antisocial behavior.
c. Genetic- criminal traits and predispositions are inherited. The criminality of parents can predict the delinquency of children.
9) Compare and contrast nature v nurture theory and discuss your personal views on each one. (pg 89)
a. Nature- the view that intelligence is inherited and is a function of genetic makeup.
b. Nurture- the view that intelligence is determined by environmental stimulation and socialization.
10) List and discuss the three psychological views of delinquency. (hint chart 3.2) (pg 81-85)
a. Psychodynamic- the theory that law violations are a product of abnormal personality formed early in life.
b. Behavioral- The theory that personality is learned throughout life during interactions with others.
c. Cognitive- Focuses on mental processes and is concerned with how people morally represent and reason about the world.

CHAPTER 3 KEY TERMS
1. Choice theory: holds that youths will engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions. Delinquent behavior is a rational choice made by a motivated offender who perceives that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment of loss.

2. Trait theory: holds that youths engage in delinquent or criminal behavior due to aberrant physical or psychological traits that govern behavioral choices. Delinquent actions are impulsive or instinctual rather than rational choices

3. Free will: the view that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are free to make personal behavior choices unencumbered by environmental factors.

4. Classical criminology: holds that decisions to violate the law are weighed against possible punishments and to deter crime the pain of punishment must outweigh the benefit of illegal gain. Led to graduated punishments based on seriousness of the crime (let the punishment fit the crime).

5. Routine activities theory: the view that crime is a normal function of the routine activities of modern living. Offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians.

6. Predatory crimes: violent crimes against persons and crimes in which an offender attempts to steal an object directly from its holder
7. General deterrence: crime control policies that depend on the fear of criminal penalties, such as long prison sentences for violent crimes. The aim is to convince law violators that the pain outweighs the benefit of criminal activity.

8. Co-offending: committing criminal acts in groups

9. Specific deterrence: sending convicted offenders to secure incarceration facilities so that punishment is severe enough to convince them not to repeat their criminal activity.

10. Situational Crime Prevention: Premised on the belief that most crime is opportunistic rather than being the outcome of those driven to commit a crime no matter what

11. Hot Spot: A particular location or address that is the site of repeated and frequent criminal activity.

12. Crackdown: A law enforcement operation that is designed to reduce or eliminate a particular criminal activity through the application of aggressive police tactics.

13. Criminal Atavism: The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors.

14. Biosocial Theory: A view that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases

15. Minimal Brain Dysfunction(MBD): Damage to the brain itself that causes antisocial behavior injurious to the individual's lifestyle and social adjustment.

16. Learning Disabilities: Neurological dysfunctions that prevent an individual from learning to his or her potential

17. Psychodynamic Theory: Branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood.

18. Bipolar Disorder: A psychological condition producing mood swings between wild elation and deep depression.

Chapter 4 Questions
1. pg102, what are the factors of cycle of social disorganization?
a. Poverty, social disorganization, erosion of traditional values, limited collective efficacy, development of criminal areas, cultural transmission, and criminal careers.
2. Most youths age out of delinquency, marry, and raise families, true or false?
a. true
3. Explain truly disadvantaged according to William Julius Wilson.
a. Those people who are left out of economic mainstream and reduced to living in deteriorated inner city areas.
4. What types of effects does labeling have on kids that commit delinquent activities?
a. Parents may consider them a bad influence on their younger siblings. Also their friends’ parents in the neighborhood may tell their child to avoid the trouble makers. Teachers may also place the delinquent child in a class for kids with bad behavior.
5. What are the negative effects of self-labeling?
a. They become more antisocial because they feel like outcast. They begin to accept the fact label of a “problem child” as a personal identity.
6. What is Culture conflict?
a. Culture conflict is when the values of a subculture clash with those of a dominant culture.pg97
7. In 1966 who joined the phrase culture of poverty?
a. Oscar Lewis.pg 106
8. How does after school programs affect youth?
a. After school programs can help reduce the opportunity of delinquency while reinforcing social bonds.
Chapter 4 Key Terms
1. Culture of Poverty- The view that lower class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms, which are sometimes in conflict with conventional society
2. Underclass- Group of urban poor whose members have little chance of upward mobility or improvement
3. Truly Disadvantaged- According to William Julius Wilson, those people who are left out of the economic mainstream and reduced to living in the most deteriorated inner city areas
4. Social Structure Theories- Those theories that suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower class areas, including disorganizational, stress, and cultural deviance, push residents into criminal behavior patterns
5. Social Disorganization- Neighborhood or area marked by culture conflict, lack of cohesiveness, a transient population and insufficient social organizations. These problems are reflected in the problems at school in these areas
6. Transitional neighborhood- Area undergoing a shift in population and structure, usually from middle class residential to lower class mixed use
7. Cultural Transmission- The process of passing deviant traditions and delinquent values from one generation to the next
8. Social Control- the ability of social institutions to influence human behavior (the justice system.)
9. Relative Deprivation- When people of wealth and poverty live in close proximity to one another. The relatively deprived are likely to have feelings of anger and deprivation.
10. Gentrified- Transforming lower class areas into middle class through property rehabilitation.
11. Collective Efficacy- Mutual trust and willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and helps to maintain public order in neighborhoods.
12. Strain- A condition caused by failure to achieve ones social goals.
13. Anomie- formlessness produced by rapidly changing. It occurs when personal goals cannot be achieved.
14. General Strain Theory- Links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream.
15. Negative Affective States- Anger, depression, disappointment, fear, and other adverse emotions that derive from strain.
16. Cultural Deviance Theory- Links delinquent acts to the formation of independent subcultures with a unique set of values that clash with the mainstream culture.
17. Culture Conflict- When the values of a subculture clash with those of the dominant culture.
18. Socialization- The process of learning the values and norms of the society or the subculture to which the individual belongs.
19. Parental Efficacy- When parents are supportive and effectively control their children in a non-coercive fashion.
20. Social Learning Theories- Posit that delinquency is learned through close relationships with others. -Children are born good and learn to be bad from others.
21. Differential Association Theory- Asserts that criminal behavior is learned primarily in interpersonal groups and that youths will becomes delinquent if definitions they learn in those groups that are favorable to violating the law exceed definitions favorable to obeying the law.
22. Social Control Theories- Posit that delinquency results from a weakened commitment to the major social institutes (family, peers and social); lack of such commitment allows youths to exercise anti-social behavioral choices.
23. Social bond- Ties a person to the institutions and processes of society; elements of the bond include attachment, commitment, involvement and belief.
24. Stigmatized- People who have been negatively labeled as a result of their participation or alleged participation in deviant or outlawed behaviors.
25. Labeling theory- Posits that society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate (or label) certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing them, and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity.
26. Self-labeling- The process by which a person who has been negatively labeled accepts that label as a personal role or identity.
27. Self-fulfilling prophecy- Deviant behavior patterns that are response to an earlier labeling experience; youths act out these social roles even if they were falsely bestowed.
28. Critical theory- The view that intergroup conflict, born out of the unequal distribution of wealth and power, is the root course of delinquency.
29. Deinstitutionalization- Removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities.
30. Restorative justice- Nonpunitive strategies for dealing with juvenile offenders that make the justice system a healing process rather than a punitive process.

Chapter 5 Questions
1. What is the difference between the overt pathway and covert pathway? Page 145
a. The covert pathway begins with minor, underhanded behavior (lying, shoplifting) that leads to property damage (setting nuisance fires, damaging property). This behavior eventually escalates to more serious forms of criminality, ranging from joyriding, pocket picking, larceny, and fencing to passing bad checks, using stolen credit cards, stealing cars, dealing drugs, and breaking and entering.
The overt pathway escalates to aggressive acts, beginning with aggression (annoying others, bullying), leading to physical (and gang) fighting and then to violence (attacking someone, forced theft).
2. What is the definition of developmental theory? Page 128
a. The view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics.
3. The ______ theory is a developmental theory that focuses on changes in behavior as people travel along the path of life and how these changes affect crime and delinquency. Page 128
a. Life course theory
4. What is the difference between the life course persistent and adolescent limited offender? Page 145
a. Adolescent limited offenders are considered “typical teenagers " that engage in what is considered as rebellious teenage behavior and ends when they enter adulthood while life course persistent are delinquents who begin their offending career at an early age and continues to offend during adulthood.
5. List five principles of the life course theory. Page 128
1. begin thinking about careers
2. complete their schooling
3. leave their parents' home
4. enter the workforce and find permanent relationship
6. What does propensity mean? Page 128
a. A natural inclination or personal trait that exists at birth or soon after and remains constant over the life course
7. Name three personal characteristics that are paths to a delinquent career. Page 145
1. Authority Conflict Pathway-begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.
2. Covert Pathway-begins with minor, underhanded behavior.
3. Overt Pathway-escalates to aggressive acts beginning with annoying others or bullying leading to physical fighting, and then to violence.
8. Who were the people that developed the interactions theory and what did they attempt to show? Page 133
a. Terrence Thornberry, Marvin Krohn, Alan Lizotte, and Margaret Farnworth & they attempted to show how delinquency is an interactive process.
9. What factors do James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein believe influenced people to choose delinquency over non delinquent behavioral alternatives? Page 137
a. personal traits operate in tandem with social variables that include poverty and family function.
10. What are two critical life events (turning points) which may enable adult offenders to desist from delinquency? Page 134
a. Career and Marriage
Chapter 5 Terms
1) developmental theory- the view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual
2) life course theory- a developmental theory that focuses on changes in behavior as people travel along the path of life and how these changes affect crime and delinquency
3) latent trait theory- the view that delinquent behavior is controlled by a master trait, present at birth or soon after, that remains stable and unchanging throughout a persons lifetime
4) propensity- a natural inclination or personal trait that exists at birth or soon after and remains constant over the life course
5) trajectory theory- the view that there are multiple independent paths to a delinquent career and that there are different types and classes of offenders
6) early onset- the view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age are the ones most at risk for a delinquency career
7) problem behavior syndrome(PBS)- a cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, and unemployment, as well as delinquency
8) turning points- critical life events, such as career and marriage, which may enable adult offenders to desist from delinquency
9) social capital- positive relations with individuals and institutions, as in a successful marriage or career, that support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior
10) general theory of a crime(GTC)- a developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial, psychological, routine activities and rational choice theories
11) self control- refers to a persons ability to exercise restraint and control over his of her feelings, emotions, reactions, and behaviors
12) impulsive- lacking in thought or deliberations in decision making. an impulsive person lacks close attention to details, has organization problems, is distracted and forgetful
13) trajectories- differing path, progressions, or lines of development
14) authority conflict pathway- pathway to delinquent deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance
15) convert pathway- pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud
16) overt pathway- pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually escalates to violent delinquency
17) adolescent limited offenders- kids who get into minor scrapes as youth but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood
18) life course persisters- delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood
19) abstainers- kids who are never involved in typical adolescent misbehaviors such as drinking, smoking, sex, or petty crimes

Chapter 6 Questions
1) When a young girl is taken and used for commercial sex through force or fraud it is called what?
a. Answer- sex traffickingPage 175

2) Girls may receive few benefits and services than their male counterparts once they are in the system?
a. True/False Answer- True

3) Males are more aggressive because they desire to have fewer sex partners as possible to decrease their chances of producing offspring.
a. Answer:False Page 164: Males are more aggressive because they wish to have as many sex partners as possible to increase their chances of producing offspring.

4) Hormonal imbalance doesn't have any influence on aggressive behavior.

a. Answer:False …..Page 164:Hormonal imbalance may influence aggressive behavior.

5) Why are women less delinquent than males?
a. Social roles provide fewer opportunities to commit crime. Page 172

6) Who is more at risk of committing delinquent acts, the daughter of a stay at home mom or the daughter of a successful working mom?
a. A: Successful working mom. Page 175

7) True or false early theorists linked male delinquency to early puberty and precocious sexuality.
a. Answer FALSE.. it linked felmales... pg 163.

8) True or false. Males are more prone than females to commit delinquent acts and violent crimes...
a. answer TRUE. Pg160

9) Since girls learn to speak earlier and faster than boys, how does that interfere in their self-control?
a. A girls verbal proficiency enables her to develop a skill that may later help her deal with conflict without resorting to violence. When faced with conflict women might be more likely to attempt to negotiate, rather than to respond passive or resist physically, especially when they perceive increased threat or harm or death. Pg.158

10) What role does Gender-Schema theory play in delinquency rates of young boys and girls?
a. Boys and girls may behave differently because they have been exposed to different styles of socialization, learned different values, and had different cultural experiences. Girls are expected to be "feminine". In contrast boys are expected to be masculine. But males look for cues from their peers to define their masculinity; aggressive behavior may be rewarded with peer approval, whereas sensitivity is viewed as not masculine. Pg. 159
Chapter 6 Terms
1) Liberal Feminism: asserts that females are less delinquent than males because their social roles provides them with fewer opportunities to omit crimes as the role of girls and women become more similar to those of boys and men so too will their crime partner.
2) Critical feminism: Holds that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women and the subsequent exploitation of women by men cause of female delinquency originates with the onset of male supremacy and the efforts of males to control female’s sexuality.
3) Power-control theory: Holds that gender differences in the delinquency rate are a function of class differences and economic conditions that influences the structure of family life.
4) Egalitarian families: Husband and wife share power at home daughters gain kind of freedom similar to that of sons and their law-violating behaviors mirror those of their brothers.
5) Sex- trafficking: The recruitment and transportation of people for commercial sex through the use of force fraud or coercion.
6) Masculinity hypothesis - view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men.
7) Gender-scheme theory -A theory of development that holds that children internalize gender scripts that reflect the gender related social practices of the culture. Once internalized these gender scripts predispose the kids to contract a self- identity that is consistent with them
8) Chivalry hypothesis- the view that low female crime and delinquency rates are a refection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders
9) Precocious sexuality- sexual experimentation in early adolescence