Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Case Study
According to Teleanu and Constantinescu (2014), spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage can occur from sudden small vessel bleeding secondary to hypertension or angiopathy, which is called primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, or from arteriovenous malformations, coagulopathies, vasculitis, tumors, or trauma, which is called secondary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. The recommended treatment plan for patients with an intracranial hemorrhage includes blood pressure management, increased intracranial pressure management, seizure prevention and management, and, depending on the severity and location of the hemorrhage, surgery (Teleanu & Constantinescu, 2014). Other complications the nurse practitioner should be aware of for patients
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For those with a systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mmHg, the goal for blood pressure management should be a systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg. However, if the patient has increased intracranial pressure and a systolic blood pressure at least 180 mmHg, then the blood pressure should be lowered to reach a cerebral perfusion pressure 61 to 80 mmHg. One should be aware that some medications that lower systemic blood pressure can actually increase cerebral perfusion, which could further increase intracranial pressure. Teleanu and Constantinescu (2014) suggest using short acting alpha and beta blocking agents, such as labetalol, or vasodilators like hydralazine. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers are also appropriate choices for blood pressure management in this cohort. Venous vasodilators should not be used, for they will increase intracranial pressure. Increased intracranial pressures can be managed by elevating the head of bed to 30 degrees and intravenous sedatives and analgesics. If the patient has a Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than 8, have symptoms of herniation, large intraventricular
For those with a systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mmHg, the goal for blood pressure management should be a systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg. However, if the patient has increased intracranial pressure and a systolic blood pressure at least 180 mmHg, then the blood pressure should be lowered to reach a cerebral perfusion pressure 61 to 80 mmHg. One should be aware that some medications that lower systemic blood pressure can actually increase cerebral perfusion, which could further increase intracranial pressure. Teleanu and Constantinescu (2014) suggest using short acting alpha and beta blocking agents, such as labetalol, or vasodilators like hydralazine. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers are also appropriate choices for blood pressure management in this cohort. Venous vasodilators should not be used, for they will increase intracranial pressure. Increased intracranial pressures can be managed by elevating the head of bed to 30 degrees and intravenous sedatives and analgesics. If the patient has a Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than 8, have symptoms of herniation, large intraventricular