Impacts of Mega Event
Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Description of Event 2 2.1 History 2 2.2 Characteristics 2 2.2.1 Form 2 2.2.2 Theme and Design 3 3. Event Experiences 3 3.1 Target Market 3 3.2 Stakeholders 3 3.3 Meanings 4 3.4 Motivations 4 4. Outcomes of Event 5 4.1 Social and Cultural outcomes 5 4.1.1 Expenditure and investment in events 5 4.1.2 Community participation 5 4.1.3 Event-related development, activities and traffic 6 4.1.4 Media Coverage 6 4.2 Economic Outcomes 7 4.2.1 New money and investment 7 4.2.2 Displacement effect and time-switching 7 4.3 Environmental Outcomes 8 4.3.1 Ecological footprint 8 4.3.2 Pollutions 8 5. Evaluation of sustainability 9 6. Recommendations 10 7. Conclusion 10 8. References 11 9. Appendices 13
Major Analytical Paper- London Olympic Games
1. Introduction
The Olympic Games is considered the most prestigious global sporting event that has great impacts on the host nation economically, socially and environmentally (Konstantaki & Wickens, 2010). The purpose of this paper focuses on the importance of hosting the Olympic Games in London through the evaluation on the impacts of the event using the triple bottom-line approach. The outcomes discussed deal with the positive and negative side; with effect to the tourism in United Kingdom (UK). The scope of this paper first covers the description of London Olympics; followed by the event experiences, outcomes, sustainability and lastly recommendation.
2. Description of Event
2.1 History
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is formed in 1894, which sets the Olympic as an international four-yearly sports game to be hosted by different countries each time (Savic, 2007). In 2012, the summer Olympics returns to London for the third time (wheeler, 2012). London won the bid by taking almost half of the total votes, overcoming other strong competitors such as Paris, Moscow, Madrid and New York (wheeler, 2012). As a result, London gained its
Major Analytical Paper- London Olympic Games
1. Introduction
The Olympic Games is considered the most prestigious global sporting event that has great impacts on the host nation economically, socially and environmentally (Konstantaki & Wickens, 2010). The purpose of this paper focuses on the importance of hosting the Olympic Games in London through the evaluation on the impacts of the event using the triple bottom-line approach. The outcomes discussed deal with the positive and negative side; with effect to the tourism in United Kingdom (UK). The scope of this paper first covers the description of London Olympics; followed by the event experiences, outcomes, sustainability and lastly recommendation.
2. Description of Event
2.1 History
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is formed in 1894, which sets the Olympic as an international four-yearly sports game to be hosted by different countries each time (Savic, 2007). In 2012, the summer Olympics returns to London for the third time (wheeler, 2012). London won the bid by taking almost half of the total votes, overcoming other strong competitors such as Paris, Moscow, Madrid and New York (wheeler, 2012). As a result, London gained its
References: I. Agha, N., Fairley, S., & Gibson, H. (2011). Considering legacy as a multi-dimensional construct: The legacy of the Olympic Games. Sport Management Review, 15, 125-139. II. Collins, A., Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2009).Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options?. Tourism Management, 30, 828-837. III. David, L. (2009). Events and Tourism: An Environmental Approach and Impact Assessment. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 2(2), 101-114. IV. Getz, D. (2012). Event Studies- Theory, Research and Policy for planned Events, 2nd Edition. New York, Canada: Routledge. V. Hall, C. (2012). Sustainable Mega-events: Beyond the myth of balanced approaches to Mega-event sustainability. Event Management, 16, 119-131. VI. Kaplanidou, K. (2009). Relationships among Behavioral Intentions, Cognitive Event and Destination Images among Different Geographic Regions of Olympic Games Spectators. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(4), 249-272. VII. Kasimati, E. (2003). Economic Aspects and the Summer Olympics: a Review of Related Research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, 433-444. VIII. Kirkup, N., & Major, B. (2006). Doctoral Foundation Paper: The Reliability of Economic Impact Studies of the Olympic Games: A Post-Games Study of Sydney 2000 and Considerations for London 2012. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(3), 275-296. IX. Konstantaki, M., & Wickens, E. (2010). Residents’ Perceptions of Environmental and Security Issues at the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15(4), 337-357. X. Mules, T., & Faulkner, B. (1996). A Economic perspective on special events. Tourism Economics, 2(2), 107-117. XI. Oxford Economics. (2012). London 2012: what is the economic impact on the UK?. Retrieved from http://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com /media /pdfs/lbg/2012/ Eco_impact_report.pdf XII XIII. Savic, Z. (2007). The Olympic Games as a Cultural Event. Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc., Gymn, 37(3), 7-13. XIV. Schulenkorf, N. (2009). An ex ante framework for the strategic study of social utility of sport events. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(2), 120-131. XV. Taylor, T., & Toohey, K. (2007). Perceptions of Terrorism Threats at the 2004 Olympic Games: Implications for Sport Events XVI. The Gregorian House. (2012). London Olympics 2012. Retrieved from http://www.georgianhousehotel.co.uk/london-events/london-olympics-2012.asp XVII Source: Li,S., & Blakes,A. (2009). Estimating Olympic-related Investment and Expenditure. International Journal of Tourism Research,11, 337-356. Source: Kasimati, E. (2003). Economic Aspects and the Summer Olympics: a Review of Related Research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, 433-444. Source: David, L. (2009). Events and Tourism: An Environmental Approach and Impact Assessment. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 2(2), 101-114. Source: Collins, A., Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options?. Tourism Management, 30, 828-837. Source: Hall, C. (2012). Sustainable Mega-events: Beyond the myth of balanced approaches to Mega-event sustainability. Event Management, 16, 119-131.