If two languages have similar words, it is likely the people who spoke them were in close contact…
Hinton glances at the fact that the Maidu language group is closely related to two other language groups, “Certain resemblances had also become apparent between Wintun and Maidu and Maidu and Yokuts. A systematic comparison revealed a unitary basis underlying all the languages” (Hinton 80). There is evidence that shows how these languages closely resemble one another. “The word for “two” in Wintun, Maidun, and Yokuts languages generally begins with p followed by some vowel followed by n (or sometimes l or m)” (Hinton 81). Hinton shows such examples:…
Before we started our research, we read Meyerhoff’s chapter ‘Multilingualism and language choice,’ Romaine’s chapter ‘Language choice,’ and Appel and Muysken’s chapter ‘Language maintenance and shift’. This helped us to base our research on the topic of discussion. For literately review, we have used York University library resources using the Proquest, Ebsco, Scholar's Portal Search and Factiva database.…
Throughout history the world has consisted of many cultures and languages, some of them have been dominant, some of them have been minor. Until the 20th century global and minority languages have continued a peaceful coexistence that has provided cultural diversity for the Earth. In the present this balance has been broken and most of indigenous languages tend to disappear. Although worldwide scientists do not spare efforts to stop this extinction, there is a debate whether it is sufficient to do for saving extinct languages or not. Some experts suggest that some positive trends have emerged in linguistic field which can alleviate the grave situation such as master-apprentices program and large-scale documental projects. However, many scientists assert that the measures are not enough to protect languages from losing, since the rate of this process is extremely high and negative attitudes towards local languages are intensive. Therefore, this essay will contend efforts that have been made to preserve languages are inadequate because of considerable amount of adverse aspects.…
preserving a nation’s sense of identity. It will look at the relationship between the language and the…
In the beginning, Latin was only one of several Italic languages in which all of them belonged to the Indo-European linguistic family, and the development of these languages were influenced by other tongues, including the language known as Celtic, Etruscan and Greek. Like many other languages, Latin language underwent continuous development. During each period of its evolution there were many differences between the literary written language, which was very distinct from the spoken language of the educated versus those of the less educated populace. Within the spoken language, borrowing from other tongues was common at all periods (University of Calgary, 1996).…
Italy is a powerful and astonishing country. From the elite and powerful Roman Empire, to the majestic order of the Vatican City and dedication to Roman Catholicism and the Pope, Italy is definitely a country that has had a prominent impact on the rest of the world. Canali & DeCarlo (2009) characterize Italy as a country full of dynamic heritage. Full of passion, Italy has potential to satisfy the appetite of any tourist, enthusiast or historian. Urbanization, elegance, ancient culture and superb cuisine have competitively positioned Italy for the tourist market (Canali & DeCarlo, 2009, pp 8-22). Is this same region culturally prepared for globalization and able to open its boundaries to foreign partners and investors to embrace mutual growth? Discussion of the idea above is the purpose of the cultural analysis. First, a cultural examination of Italy in comparison to the United States will provide specific compatibility information, to determine if an alliance between these two countries would be advantageous. Next, insight into possible implications for global mangers and potential strategies to successfully navigate foreign relations in Italy. Finally, concluding with Italy’s cultural sustainability and strength in supporting globalization and foreign alliances.…
Individual languages are organized in families and then sub-families. Over the years languages change. It takes a few years before a new language forms. Languages change because civilizations advance and move on to different places where two languages mix and form a sub-language or a completely new language. Many languages share common factors, for example similar grammars, overlapping and similar words. These common factors also help trace the language to its origin. Vernacular languages are the commonly spoken language. A number of vernacular languages emerged from Latin in the beginning of the 12th century.…
The indication of a common proto Indo-European language as a progenitor of the various modern European languages such as French, English, Spanish, German etc suggest a common ancestor for all the European people. And since the ethnicity of most of the European people is Caucasian, it is suggested by some historians that the European people originally came from a region called Caucasus where the Caucasian Mountains are situated. Most of the Europeans are descendants of these ancestors who crossed the Caucasian Mountains to settle in the rest of Europe.…
Africa, and eventually made their way out to the rest of the world. Analysis of the…
References: John, P. et al (2006) Selected proceedings of 35th Annual conference on African Linguistics: African Languages and Linguistic in Broad perspectives. Cascadilla proceedings project Summerville, MA. Cascadilla Press, USA.…
When linguists claim that their discipline is the scientific study of language, they have in mind certain principles which distinguish between a scientific and a non-scientific study of language. First, linguistics is objective, that is, it considers all languages to be equal. For a linguist, there are no 'primitive', 'pure', 'beautiful', 'cultural', or 'sophisticated' languages. Objectivity is difficult to attain because language is so familiar to us that we can hardly dissociate ourselves from it. The objective study of language is hindered by various cultural, social and historical misconceptions about certain languages. Linguistics has demonstrated that any language, however 'primitive', or 'underdeveloped' its people may be, is as complex and highly organized as any other language spoken by a 'civilized' people. There is no intrinsically 'richer' or 'purer' language, because each language serves the functions needed by its speakers. The linguist deals with all languages equally with the aim to construct a general theory of the structure of the language.…
Linguistic variation is about the usage of the language. The usages of the language refer to the social factors which is different language in a different time and the same meaning of the language but in the different forms of the sentence structures. Thus, the variety of the languages depends on whether the speakers have superiority to speak with a large vocabulary and grammar. So, this can relate on how efficient they used vocabulary and how well they speak. In addition, language variety is more on how speaker responds with each other so that we can overview on how fluent the speaker dominant the language.…
helpful to find out whether a particular language is vowel-oriented or consonant-oriented (Cheek 2014, 4). English, German and Lithuanian rate of consonants usage is relatively high, which respectively takes 62%, 60%, and 54,5% (Horiguti 1964, 238; Kazlauskienė and Raškinis 2009, 171). Unlike the English and German languages, Lithuanian is considered to be a pitch language where differently stressed long vocalic segments (diphthongs, long vowels, and sequences of vowel plus sonorant) influence the meaning although words are orthographically the same (Holvoet 2011, 5).…
Classification of languages means their placement into families or phyla [‘failə] on the basis of lexical or typological similarity or shared ancestry. Languages may thus be classified either genetically or typologically. A genetic classification assumes that certain languages are related in that they have evolved from a common ancestral language. This form of classification employs ancient records as well as hypothetical reconstructions of the earlier forms of languages, called protolanguages. Typological classification is based on similarities in language structure.…