Geo Revision Mock

GEO REVISION LAST YEAR
Includes:
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Rocks
Mining
Weathering

VOLCANOES

Litos: Rock

Structure of the earth
Core (magma 6000c)
Mantle (magma 3000c)
Crust

Magma in the mantle moves because the upper mantle contains heavy magma, which is less hot, it goes downwards and the lower mantle contains light magma because it is very hot and goes upwards so it moves in a circle, which is called CONVECTION CELL.

Plates on the crust are not statistic because they are so heavy that they move down. The movement of magma causes the movement.

A volcano may appear when magma in the mantle rises through the plates.

4 Types of Boundaries

Destructive
Constructive
Collision
Conservative

Destructive Boundary

(Pacific)
Oceanic with Continental

If there is friction between two plates there may be an earthquake

Constructive Boundary

(Atlantic)
Oceanic with Oceanic

Collision Boundary

(Asia)
High intensity in earthquakes, Continental with Continental

Conservative Boundary

Slide past each other.

Wegner’s Theory:
Alfred Wegner said that the continents were once joined together and with time they split, and came to where they are together.

Scientist found lava formations, this rocks form the ocean form. They discovered underwater gisers, which were being heat by magma they found a crack in the ocean floor. Scientist found a solution: Material was older below the crack. The tectonic plates are the plate movements because of volcanoes.

Covergent: The two plates move towards each other, crash and make mountains. DESTRUCTIVE- COLLISION
Transform: The plates slide past each other. CONSERVATIVE
Divergent: The two plates move far away from each other. CONSTRUCTIVE
Vocabulary:
Hot Spot: Areas where magma goes upwards through the ocean where it cools down. This keeps on and thousands years later an island forms.

Volcanoes we should know where to ubicate:

ETNA, Italy
MERAPI, Indonesia

Mt. Etna

Plates involved:
Messina Plate (oceanic plate)
African Plate (continental)
Erusian Plate (Continental)

Effects:
1983
1 hotel, 3 restaurants, 25 houses, and lots of orange groves and vineyards were destroyed by lava. A diversion channel was done to make lava go through another path.

1971
Sky slopes and cable-car stations were destroyed by lava.

2002
There were serious injuries with people and animals. Lots of villages were destroyed, families had to evacuate; buildings were destroyed by lava flow. Ashes covered roads; only four-wheel drivers were allowed on to the mountain roads. Ashes affected crops. Forest burnt.

Merapi Volcano

Erupted in November 1984
It is the most active volcano in Java, an island in Indonesia.
Once the cloud hit the village, people couldn’t see anything.
Soil around Merapi is fertile because the ashes had minerals, which made the floor fresh.
Farms in Merapi are devoted to raise goats.
Simple observatories are in charge of monitoring the volcano.
Materials found inside the pyroclastic cloud are red-hot rocks, sand, and gases.
Dums were built to hold back the mudflows.
They will not be effective if water is not let through.
In relocation camps people were not happy because they’ve lost their land.
People affected by the eruption had different alternatives; they could stay in the camps, or go to the villages miles away as well as migrating.

BENEFITS OF VOLCANO AREAS
Fertility in soil: Improves
Tourism
Hot Springs: Tourism, Medical Treatment
Geothermal power

EARTHQUAKES

Scales:
Richter = Seismometer/seismograph
0-9 (less than 3: not felt) (6.5: cracks, poor houses collapse) (8-9: very powerful)
Mercalli = Evaluate damage.
I-XII (IV: only cracks) (VI collapsing) (XII Buildings detached from the ground)

Earthquakes we should know where to ubicate:
KOBE, Japan
Chile

Kobe earthquake
January 1995
It was in Osaka Bay. 2nd largest urban area.
Mayor earthquake, took place at 5:46 o’ clock.
20 seconds of darkness and fire.
State of chaos in Japan.
Expressway was thrown on its side.
Steel tracks twisted
Buildings tilted, or tumbled over. Lost entire floors.
People went homeless, and others couldn’t get out.
It was a medium size earthquake.
Epicenter: City of Kobe and a wadgy island.
Killed 6.000 people, millions were spent to rebuild the city.
There was neither water nor heat.
Army helped organize.
Kobe sits in an earthquake start.
Damages because: Soil conditions, modernity engineering.

Chile’s Earthquake (LECD)
27 February 2010
It stuck Central Chile, Talca 105 km away from the epicenter.
Magnitude: 8.8
International Response: United States and Argentina
Consequences near by:
In Conception:
15-story building collapsed.
209 inmates escaped from prison
In Santiago
Museum of National Fine Arts: Damaged.
Two story parking lot, fall down, smashing 50 cars.
In Val Paraiso
Seaport closed while damage was assessed.
Huge waves damaged government buildings on island.

Tsunami and affected areas
Chile’s tsunami sent an earthquake that went half across the world.
The affected areas where: Hawaii, Polynesia, Tonga, Robinson Crusoe island, San Juan Bautista Village.

PREVENTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKES
In a building.
Use Rubber shock absorbers between the foundation and superstructure to absorb earth tremors.
No bricks or reinforced concrete blocks.
Fire-resistant building material
Interlocking steel frames which can sway during earth movements.
Computer-controlled weights on roof to reduce movement.
Roads to provide quick access by ambulances and fire engines.
Open areas where people can assemble if evacuated.
Automatic shutters come down over the windows to prevent pedestrians being shivered with glass.

MINING
Underground Mining:
Elevator: seven minutes, two miles to descend.
20 working levels.
Air conditioner system.
Using explosives to mine:
Drill holes for explosives.
Special explosives = two elements only react when combined
Detonators set in the holes. Ammonia Nitrate explosives are placed.
Mine Safety:
Hole mine is evacuated before explosions.
Wooden supports are transported underground
Computers monitor seismic activity.
Water Supply:
Water makes a vacuum, with air pipes for an air conditioner system.
Ice is transported underground, cooled water reduces the temperature in the mine.
Processing the ore:
First it is a muddy rock.
Pulled by machines.
Pulled up to the ground, as time goes by the rock gets heavier.
Water mud containing gold ore is compressed and then filtrate the water.
Chemical treatment to transform it into gold.
Ore is pumped and dissolved into liquid gold; cyanide is needed, which is a deadly chemical.

DAMAGES ON ENVIROMENT:
For Underground Mining.
Air pollution because of smoke and chemicals released into the air.
Cyanide- toxic if dumped into rivers, wild life-people affected. Environment damaged.
Ecosystem vanishes because of waste heaps.
Pond waste, from the recycling plant.

Open Cast Mining:
Clear out the vegetation.
Break up and loosen the rock by using explosives.
Use diggers to remove the loose rock.
Tip the rock or mineral into trucks or railway wagons.
A large hole is left in the ground by this type of mining.
Impacts: IDEM
Environmental Management: IDEM
Cost: Cheaper
Use of rocks and minerals in industrial process

Uses of rocks:
For building: Road building-construction-building stone. Igneous & metamorphic rocks.

For industrial process: To make sand and limestone.

Iron ore is needed to make steel

MINING ADVANTAGES:
It is a majour source of income for many developing countries.
Mining can benefit the economy of a country and its people.
Exporting minerals is a very important way for some countries to earn foreign exchange.
Is better paid than other unskilled works.
Provides work

DISADVANTAGES OF MINING:
Wildlife is driven out of their habitat.
Mining is an unhealthy work.
People are affected when living in surrounding settlements because of noise and visual pollution as well as air pollution.
It causes breathing problems and chest problems.
Leaves waste heaps on surface.
Short life expectancy, miners die young.
Workers have to work in narrow spaces deep underground, in wet and dirty conditions.

LEDC countries:
Provide
MEDC countries:
Demand

Land:
Surface piles of waste: Unsightly and spoil the area.
Waste heaps can become unstable and fall down to slopes destroying everything and covering large areas of land.
New mines need railways for access and transport; this leads to clearance of forest and natural vegetation.
Drilling rights for oil and gas: disturbed the wildlife.

Air: Dust and fumes from chimneys where crushing refining and smelting are taking place, cause air pollution.

Water: Rivers and streams are polluted by water flowing through old mine workings. They are contaminated and become dead streams. Water creatures die by the high concentration of minerals and shortage of oxygen.

How can we solve the problems?
Land-filling
Restoration
Reclamation
Landscaping

Land-filling:
Land filling is a way in which the ecosystem can be better.
Is a site for disposal of waste materials and then covering it up with fertile soil where we can plant crops. So the visual pollution can decrease.

Restoration:
Renewing damaged, degraded or destroyed area and making it look nice.

Reclamation:
The process of reclamation is when mining takes land from farmers and farmers want it back so they reclaim it.

Landscaping:
Landscaping is the process of making a land once used by mining into a fertile and beautiful land for farmers to grow crops or for visual pollution to decrease.

ROCKS: 3 Types:
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary

Igneous: Result from volcanic activity, consists of crystals which are formed in the volcano. (viaje al centro de la tierra)

Ex: GRANITE

Uses:
Pottery
Buildings
Soil fertile
Tourism
Foundation material for roads.

Metamorphic: Altered by extremes of pressure or heat.

Ex: Limestone transforms into Marble
Shale transforms into Slate.

Uses:
Monuments (Italy)
Building material (roofs)

Sedimentary: Consists of small particles eroded and transported, they are layers and they are the remains of dead animals and plants. Ex: Chalk-Limestone

Uses:
Thermal energy: domestic use, power stations.
Building material (roofs)
Monuments

TESTS:

Test on Volcanoes and Earthquakes:

A) Complete about a volcanic eruption in an LECD Location of Volcano: Indonesia, Java Island
Name of Volcano: Merapi

Reasons for volcano to erupt:
The Indian plate (oceanic plate) and the Erusian plate (continental plate) crush and the Indian plate is forced down. As it goes down it melts because of the heat and more lava rises. The pressure of the lava is so strong that friction is produced and lava finds it’s way up through cracks, until it explodes. (Destructive Boundary)

Year of eruption: 1994

3 Effects of the eruption:
60 People killed because it was an LECD country so they were not well prepared and the volcano was not controlled.
Mudflow dams were built to hold mudflow and ashes from the pyroclastic cloud could make the volcanic area fertile.
People had two choices. To stay in temporary shelters or to migrate.

B) Complete with one word per blank

From the focus of an earthquake energy waves will be released and their power will be measured by the seismometer using the Richter scale.
An antiseismic building has foundations that penetrate into deep rock avoiding unstable soil or rock. It can also have reinforcements in the structure so that the building will move together with the earthquake.
Human response to earthquake is generally much better in MEDC’s than in LEDC’s

WEATHERING

Freeze-thaw
Exfoliation
Carbonation
Biological Weathering

Freeze-Thaw:
Water gets into rock cracks. At night with a cold temperature, the water transforms into ice, and makes pressure on cracks. This goes through a repetitive process, the cracks get wider so water goes deeper on the cracks until it breaks the rock.
Exfoliation:
This happens in extreme heat and cold temperature places. In daylight there is too much heat, which expands the rock and its layers, and at night it is very cold which contracts the rock leaving the layers loose. This goes through a repetitive process and the layers peel off until the rock transforms into a rounded rock.
Carbonation:
Carbonic rain gets through the earth and starts dissolving the rock beneath it. A cave is formed and the rock is dissolved in water.
Biological Weathering:
Tree roots penetrate the rock. It detaches the rock.

Process of soil formation:
Weathered rock turns into mineral particles where some plant species can grow, then the plant decays and humus, which has an organic content is introduced into the earth. All of this makes soil.

Abiotic Factors- SOIL
A deep soil will be able to support a lot of plants because it provides an anchorage, nutrient minerals, water and air, for the plant not to die.
Important mineral nutrients for the soil are nitrates, potassium salts, etc.
An advantage of clay soil is that they have a slight electrical charge. A disadvantage, they do not dry out quickly in dry weather. Soil particles fill with water, no space for air.
An advantage of sandy soil is that they are well aerated. A disadvantage, they drain very quickly so they do not hold mineral ions, minerals are leached out quickly.
Loam is and ideal soil because it is a mixture of clay soil and sand soil. So it will hold water and mineral ions but will not get water logged too easily.
Minerals are driven into plants by a material called Humus.
Mineral ions in soil depend on 2 factors: 1) air 2) water
A water-logged soil develops when all air spaces are filed with water.

FARMING IN MOUNTAINS
Terraces: stones to protect soil erosion. Water slows down due to stairs shape.
Planting trees to conserve soil: To intercept rain. To deviate wind.

Farm “A”-owner is soil conservationist:
Afforestation on steepest slopes.
Terraces on steep slopes.
Contour ploughing on more gentle slopes
Hedgrows replanted.
Crops alternated with grass to prevent over cultivation

Farm “B”- owner is no a soil conservationist:
Ploughing up and down.
Monoculture
Machinery compacts the ground
Irrigation
Wind blows away soil on exposed areas.

Olivia Stein

Last year Revision

Friction

Plate A

Plate B

Which is vital to make: Manufacture of machinery, transport in vehicles and equipment, and increasingly for support structures in buildings.

Needed if a country wants to: Get better economically and industrially.