Genetics: Multiple Choice Questions
CHAPTER 1 HISTORY, THEORY, AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES
MULTIPLE CHOICE: PLEASE RECORD YOUR RESPONSES USING A NO. 2 PENCIL ON A SCANTRON 1) Develop mental science is a field of study devoted to A) proving contemporary theories of develop ment. B) understanding abnormal develop ment in children and adolescents. C) understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan. D) identifying genetic contributions to disease and illness. 2) Theories are vital tools for develop mental researchers because they A) ensure proper use of research procedures. B) illustrate the ultimate truth regarding hu man behavior. C) prov ide organizing frameworks for our observations of people. D) do not require scientific verificat ion. 3) The ___________ view of development holds that infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. A) discontinuous B) nature C) continuous D) nurture
4) W ithin the ________________ view of develop ment, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific t imes. A) discontinuous B) nature C) continuous D) nurture 5) Theorists who point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior emphasize A) stages. B) d iscontinuity. C) stability. D) continuity. 6) Theorists who believe that change is possible and even likely if new experiences support it emphasize A) stages. B) p lasticity. C) nature. D) stability. 7) The lifespan perspective on development assumes that A) develop ment is static and stable. B) events that occur during infancy and early childhood have the strongest impact on the life course. C) develop ment is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces. D) individual development is continuous, rather than discontinuous. 8) In the lifespan perspective, every age period of human development A) has its own agenda and its unique demands and opportunities that yield some similarit ies in development across many individuals. B) has a lesser impact on the life course than the earliest age periods. C) is unidirect ional and marked by imp roved performance. D) has a greater impact on the life course than the previous age period. 9) Research on resilience shows that A) heredity is more powerful than the environment in protecting child ren fro m the negative effects of stressful life events. B) the environ ment is more powerfu l than heredity in protecting children fro m the negative effects of stressful life events. C) interventions must attend to both the person and the environment to strengthen a child’s capacity while also reducing hazardous experiences. D) plasticity is limited to infancy and early ch ildhood.
10) According to the psychoanalytic perspective, personality development is greatly influenced by A) children’s ability to listen, remember, and abstract general rules fro m observed behaviors. B) how children resolve conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. C) ch ildren’s efforts to achieve equilibriu m between internal structures and external stimu li. D) cultural values, laws, customs, and norms. 11) Sig mund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory A) on the basis of his adult patients’ memo ries of painful childhood events. B) by conducting studies of animal behavior. C) on the basis of interviews with institutionalized ch ildren and adolescents. D) by carefu lly observing his own children. 12) One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream o f child develop ment is because A) it tells us little about factors that contribute to personality development. B) its theorists were so strongly committed to the clin ical approach that they failed to consider other methods. C) contemporary theorists have found that personality development does not take places in stages. D) it fails to recognize the role of the early parent–child relationship in personality development. 13) Behaviorism focuses on A) unconscious impulses and drives. C) natural selection and survival of the fittest. B) stimu li and responses. D) clin ical case studies.
14) In classical conditioning, A) a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response. B) an innate reflex is ext inguished. C) unconscious impulses and drives support healthy development. D) a reflexive response is paired with a new stimulus that produces a nonreflexive response. 15) According to B. F. Skinner, __________ will increase the frequency of a behavior and __________ will decrease the frequency of a behavior. A) punishment; rein forcement B) rein forcement; punishment C) modeling; reinforcement D) punishment; imitation 16) Albert Bandura’s social learn ing theory emphasizes the role of __________ in guiding child ren’s responses to particular situations. A) conditioned stimu li B) punishment C) cognition D) reinforcement 17) According to ___________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling. A) reinforcement B) operant conditioning C) social learning D) classical conditioning 18) According to Jean Piaget, ___________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds. A) modeling B) maturation C) cognition D) equilib riu m 19) John Bowlby argued that A) behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants. B) infants become attached to their parents because parents are associated with the reduction of primary drives, such as hunger and thirst. C) parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other. D) attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.
20) A(n) _______________ is a number that describes how two measures are associated with each other. A) correlat ion coefficient B) independent variable C) dependent variable D) random assignment 21) The ______________ variable is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable. A) correlat ional B) independent C) dependent D) stochastic 22) A dependent variable is the A) one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable. B) nu mber that describes how two measures are associated with each other. C) nu mber that shows the strength of the relationship between two measures. D) one the investigator randomly assigns to represent participant characteristics. 23) Random assignment A) can co mpro mise an experimental design by exposing the researcher’s bias. B) assures that participants are assigned to experimental conditions in an unbiased manner. C) is impossible to use in experimental designs. D) is a control technique that is primarily used in correlational studies. 24) The cross-sectional design is an efficient strategy for describing A) co mmon patterns in development. B) individual differences in develop ment. C) age-related trends. D) relationships between early and later events and behaviors. 25) A major disadvantage of cross -sectional research is that A) age-related changes cannot be examined. B) part icipants often drop out before the study is over. C) factors affecting indiv idual develop ment cannot be explored. D) practice effects often cause biased findings.
CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOUNDATIONS
26) Directly observable characteristics, such as eye color and height, are called A) zygotes. B) phenotypes. C) chro mosomes. D) genotypes. 27) A genotype is a A) physical or behavioral characteristic, determined both by environmental and genetic factors. B) d irectly observable characteristic. C) rodlike structure in the cell nucleus that transmits genetic informat ion. D) co mplex b lend of genetic info rmation that determines the species and influences unique characteristics. 28) Generally, hu man chro mosomes come in _____ matching pairs. A) 18 B) 21 C) 23 D) 26 29) According to the concept of genetic–environmental correlat ion, A) the environ ments to which we are exposed determine our genotype. B) our genes affect how we respond to the environment. C) we tend to seek out social partners with a similar genetic makeup. D) our genes influence the environ ments to which we are exposed.
30) Rodlike structures called ______________ store and transmit genetic information. A) phenotypes B) chro mosomes C) genotypes D) genes 31) A gene is a A) rodlike structure that stores and transmits genetic information. B) seg ment of DNA along the length of the chromosome. C) double-stranded molecu le that looks like a twisted ladder. D) directly observable characteristic. 32) Research shows that __________ genes lie along the human chro mosomes. A) 23 pairs of B) 2,000 to 2,500 C) 20,000 to 25,000 D) 200,000 to 250,000 33) Bet ween ______________ percent of chimpanzee and hu man DNA is identical. A) 20 and 25 B) 50 and 55 C) 75 and 80 D) 98 and 99 34) __________ is/are a major cause of the dramatic rise in mu lt iple b irths in recent decades. A) Illicit drug use during pregnancy B) Lo w maternal weight gain C) Young maternal age D) Fertility drugs 35) Ch ild ren with diabetes tend to have fathers, not mothers, with the illness. The pattern of inheritance is best explained by A) incomp lete dominance. B) X-linked inheritance. C) geno mic imp rinting. D) genetic mutation. 36) Frag ile X syndrome is A) exp ressed only when it is passed from father to child. B) the most common inherited cause of mental retardation. C) expressed when it is passed from either parent to child. D) lin ked to more than half of the cases of autism. 37) __________ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment in DNA that can create __________. A) Mutation; genetic abnormalities B) Meiosis; X-linked d isorders C) M itosis, fragile X syndrome D) Genomic imp rinting; mutations 38) Studies of mutation demonstrate that A) some mutations occur spontaneously, simply by chance. B) mutations are never desirable. C) males who are exposed to ionizing forms of radiat ion are not at increased risk for producing babies with genetic abnormalities. D) exposure to nonionizing forms of radiation, such as microwaves, can cause genetic damage. 39) So matic mutation A) increases with age. B) decreases with age. C) shows that each of us has a single, permanent genotype. D) occurs at conception. 40) Characteristics that vary on a continuum among people, such as height, weight, or intelligence, are most likely determined by __________ inheritance. A) X-linked B) polygenic C) do minant-recessive D) paternal 41) Most chromosomal defects result fro m A) X-linked disorders. C) mistakes occurring during meiosis. B) mistakes occurring during mitosis. D) recessive disorders.
42) Down syndrome most co mmonly results fro m A) a failure o f the twenty-first pair of chro mosomes to separate during meiosis. B) increased age of the father. C) o xygen deprivation during or immediately after b irth. D) mutation of the genetic material on the twenty-third chromosomal pair. 43) The risk of bearing a child with Down syndrome rises dramatically with A) poor prenatal care. B) maternal age. C) prenatal tobacco exposure. D) prenatal malnutrition. 44) The most common sex chro mosome d isorders involve A) aggressive and antisocial behavior. B) the presence of an extra chro mosome or the absence of one X in females. C) spontaneous miscarriage. D) mental retardation. 45) Most adopted children A) have trouble developing feelings of trust and affection toward their adoptive parents. B) beco me well-adjusted adults. C) fare better if they are adopted after infancy. D) begin to search for their birth parents during early adolescence. 46) For both affluent and low-SES youths, what simp le routine is associated with a reduction in ad justment difficult ies? A) eating dinner with parents B) early bedtimes C) co mp leting homework before d inner D) weekly family night 47) Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children. A) the Un ited States B) Canada C) Germany D) France 48) The rise in ho melessness in the United States is largely due to __________ and __________. A) the increasing nu mber of job layoffs; increasing rates of substance abuse B) the decline in lo w-cost housing; the rise in unemploy ment C) the decline in lo w-cost housing; the release of large numbers of mentally ill people fro m institutions D) welfare reform; increasing health care costs 49) Heritability estimates A) are likely to exaggerate the role of the environ ment. B) tend to overestimate the importance of the environ ment. C) cannot be used to study complex traits, such as intelligence and personality. D) are likely to exaggerate the role of hered ity. 50) The most serious criticis m of heritability estimates is that they A) are not applicable to people who do not have siblings. B) can be used only with simp le traits, such as eye color and handedness. C) are not relevant to populations whose home, school, and rearing conditions are very similar. D) provide no precise informat ion about how the traits examined develop within individuals.
CHAPTER 3 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, BIRTH, AND THE NEWBORN BABY
51) The period of the embryo lasts fro m A) fertilization to imp lantation. B) fert ilization through the third week of pregnancy. C) imp lantation through the eighth week of pregnancy. D) the eighth week of pregnancy until birth. 52) Research suggests that more active fetuses during the third trimester are mo re likely to become 2-year-olds who D A) are easily overwhelmed by sensory stimulat ion. B) have trouble establishing a regular sleep-wake pattern. C) have irregular eating schedules. D) are less fearfu l. 53) During the embryonic period of pregnancy, teratogens A A) cause the most serious damage to the developing organism. B) usually affect the growth of sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears. C) usually cause only minor damage to the developing organism. D) have no impact on the developing organism. 54) Which of the following is true about the consequences of smoking during pregnancy? C A) If the smo king mother is in good physical condition, fetal develop ment will likely be normal. B) The best-known effect of s moking during the prenatal period is cancer later in childhood. C) Smoking during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, asthma, infant death, and childhood cancer. D) Even if a pregnant woman stops smoking during the last trimester, she cannot reduce the likelihood that her child will be born underweight. 55) The mo re alcohol a wo man consumes during pregnancy, the A A) poorer the child’s intelligence and achievement test scores during the school years. B) greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS. C) h igher the birth weight of the child. D) greater the child’s speed of informat ion processing. 56) Lo w-level radiation, resulting fro m industrial leakage or med ical X-rays, B A) is only harmfu l when combined with other teratogens. B) can increase the risk of childhood cancer. C) rarely causes lasting damage. D) is safe during the last trimester. 57) Pregnant wo men are advised to avoid __________ to reduce the likelihood of mercury exposure. D A) changing cat litter bo xes B) exposure to paint flaking off the walls of o ld build ings C) exposure to dioxins D) eating swordfish, albacore tuna, and shark 58) High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to D A) deformit ies of the gums and nails. B) d ifficu lty in chewing and swallo wing. C) breast and uterine cancers in wo men. D) prematurity, low b irth weight, and brain damage.
59) Even a tiny amount of dio xin in the paternal bloodstream can cause C A) intestinal abnormalit ies. B) serious birth defects. C) a dramatic change in sex ratio of offspring. D) hearing loss. 60) Which of the following is true about prenatal rubella? B A) The greatest damage occurs when rubella strikes during the fetal period. B) Brain abnormalit ies resulting fro m it increase the risk of severe mental illness in adulthood. C) Routine vaccination has made new rubella outbreaks extremely rare world wide. D) Infection during the embryonic period is less harmful than during other prenatal periods. 61) HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the deadly virus to the developing organism _______ percent of the time. B A) 10 to 20 B) 20 to 30 C) 40 to 50 D) 80 to 90 62) Prenatal malnutrit ion can cause serious damage to the A A) central nervous system. B) eyes. C) genitals. D) heart. 63) Prenatally malnourished babies frequently B A) reject breast milk. B) catch respiratory illnesses. C) have a higher than average birth weight. D) have enlarged hearts. 64) If untreated, to xemia can cause A A) convulsions in the mother and fetal death. B) extra sugar in the mother’s bloodstream. C) swelling of the fetus’s face, hands, and feet. D) behavioral problems in adolescence. 65) Infants born to mothers who did not seek timely prenatal care are five t imes more likely to ______ than those whose mothers received early medical attention. B A) be born overweight B) d ie C) be born underweight D) have genetic abnormalities 66) Co mpared to fu ll-term infants, preterm babies D A) have chubbier cheeks and larger eyes. B) are at a lower risk for child abuse. C) are more often held close, touched, and talked to gently. D) are less often held close, touched, and talked to gently. 67) The United States has the most up-to-date health care technology in the world and is currently ranked _____ in international infant mortality. D A) first B) seventh C) fifteenth D) twenty-sixth 68) Each country that outranks the United States in infant survival B A) has better health care technology. B) prov ides all its citizens with government-sponsored health care benefits. C) offers expectant parents just six weeks of childbirth leave. D) offers fewer social and economic supports to new parents. 69) A _______ is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form o f stimulat ion. A A) reflex B) state of arousal C) cry D) movement pattern
70) The Babinski reflex D A) prepares the infant for voluntary reaching. B) d isappears within two months after birth. C) may have helped infants cling to their mothers in hu man evolutionary past. D) appears when an infant’s foot is stroked on the sole fro m toe to heel. 71) Which of the following is true about REM sleep? A A) REM sleep is vital for gro wth of the central nervous system. B) During REM sleep, the body is almost motionless. C) REM sleep accounts for 20 percent of a newborn baby’s sleep time. D) During REM sleep, the heart rate, breathing, and brain-wave activity are slow and even. 72) Healthy babies often cry A A) at the sound of another crying baby. C) because they are bored. 73) Early A) B) C) D) B) in shrill, p iercing tones. D) all night long.
medical records of SIDS babies reveal B a family h istory of chromosomal abnormalit ies. h igher rates of prematurity and low b irth weight, poor Apgar scores, and limp muscle tone. they were born after their due date and had higher than average birth weights. they often cried or wh impered in their sleep.
74) Parents can reduce the likelihood of SIDS by C A) tightly swaddling their infants during sleep. B) making sure their infants do not have pacifiers when sleeping. C) p lacing infants to sleep on their backs. D) adding pillows and blankets in the cribs. 75) Which of the following is supported by research on colic? D A) Colic is usually a sign of central nervous system damage. B) Infants with colic tend to have persistent low-pitched cries. C) Co lic usually subsides between 3 and 6 weeks. D) Newborns who react especially strongly to unpleasant stimuli are at risk fo r colic.
CHAPTER 5 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
76) During __________, children use their current schemes to interpret the external world, whereas in __________, children create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely. A A) assimilation; accommodation B) equilibration; disequilib ration C) adaptation; organization D) acco mmodation; assimilation 77) According to Piaget, a ___________ is a means of building schemes in wh ich in fants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again. B A) sensorimotor response B) circu lar reaction C) mental representation D) goal-d irected behavior 78) One of the greatest drawbacks of the informat ion-processing approach is its difficulty with B A) breaking down children’s thoughts into precise procedures. B) integrating information into a broad, co mprehensive theory. C) analyzing cognition into its components. D) imp lementing rigorous research procedures.
79) According to Vygotsky, children master activ ities through A A) joint activ ities with more mature members of their society. B) interaction with the physical environment. C) operant conditioning and modeling. D) trial and error. 80) According to Vygotsky, ______________ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of mo re skilled partners. C A) transitive inference B) the dynamic systems approach C) the zone of pro ximal develop ment D) scaffold ing 81) In the form o f teaching known as scaffolding, as a child’s co mpetence increases, the adult B A) guides and supports the child by modeling the task. B) steps back, permitting the child to take mo re responsibility for the task. C) enters the zone of pro ximal development by taking over the child’s task. D) introduces the child to a new activ ity. 82) Research demonstrates that early make -believe play is B A) less frequent and rich in collectivists cultures than in individualistic cultures. B) the co mbined result of ch ildren’s read iness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it. C) usually init iated by toddlers rather than their parents or older siblings. D) discovered by toddlers independently, once they are capable of representational schemes. 83) Which of the following is true about make-believe play? C A) At the end of the second year, almost all play episodes are initiated by adults. B) Parents and teachers inhibit make-believe by participating with child ren. C) Make-believe is a major means through which children extend their cognitive skills and learn about important activities in their culture. D) Children who spent a great deal of time in make-believe play tend to be an xious and shy. 84) The goal o f mental testing is to D A) exp lain how children’s thinking changes over time. B) measure the process of cognition. C) show how the environ ment influences cognitive change. D) measure behaviors that reflect development and to arrive at scores that predict future performance. 85) The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development B A) emphasize only perceptual and motor responses. B) include a cognitive scale, a language scale, and a motor scale. C) show good long-term predict ions of childhood intellectual functioning. D) reflect the same aspects of intelligence assessed in adulthood. 86) Intelligence test scores of infants and toddlers often do not reflect their true ab ilities because A A) they easily become distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing. B) the tests emphasize verbal, conceptual, and problem-solving skills. C) the tests cannot be relied on for screening developmental p roblems. D) the tests only identify infants who are likely to be intellectually gifted as older children. 87) Because infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages, they are conservatively labeled _________________ rather than IQs. D A) perceptual quotients (PQs) B) habituation quotients (HQs) C) d istribution quotients (DQs) D) develop mental quotients (DQs) 88) Today, infant mental tests are largely used for C A) predict ing later intelligence. B) measuring higher-order cognitive skills. C) screening to help identify babies who are likely to have developmental problems. D) assessing memory, as well as quickness and flexib ility of thin king.
89) ____________ is a much better indicator than an early mental test score of how children will do later. A A) Warm, responsive parenting B) Organizat ion of the play environ ment C) Provision of appropriate p lay materials D) A high DQ score 90) Good quality child care B A) cannot compensate for the negative effects of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life. B) can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life. C) is the norm in the United States. D) is primarily availab le to low-SES families with young children. 91) Research on child care in the United States shows that C A) appro ximately 80 percent of child-care centers are of high-quality. B) all child-care workers are required to have at least 2 years of co llege education. C) only 20 to 25 percent of ch ild -care settings in the United States provide a level of care sufficient to promote healthy psychological development. D) settings providing the very worst care tend to serve low-SES families. 92) Which of the following is true about early intervention? B A) Early intervention programs increase IQ scores during the school years, but the gains are not sustained beyond middle childhood. B) The strongest effects of early intervention occur at sites that offer a mix of center- and home-based services. C) The U.S. Congress recently recognized the successes of early intervention and now fully funds all programs directed at low-inco me infants and toddlers. D) Even with early intervention, most children born into economically d isadvantaged families will not reach their fu ll potential. 93) Research showed that by age 3, children in Early Head Start A A) demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development. B) demonstrated an increase in aggression. C) experienced a “washout effect.” D) scored, on average, 15 points higher in IQ than children not enrolled in the intervention. 94) According to B. F. Skinner, language is acquired as the baby babbles and parents reinforce those sounds that are most like words. This is an example of B A) universal grammar. B) operant conditioning. C) classical conditioning. D) the nativist perspective. 95) According to some behaviorists, children rely on _________ to rapidly acquire co mplex utterances. C A) universal grammar B) innate sounds C) imitation D) interactions 96) Effo rts to teach language to nonhuman primates D A) prove that, with appropriate train ing, any animal can acquire a vocabulary of several dozen symbols. B) show that, after extensive training, chimpanzees using sign language can produce short sentences with greater consistency than a preschool child. C) have been comp letely unsuccessful because animals cannot learn even basic language. D) support Chomsky’s assumption that the capacity for elaborate grammar is unique to humans. 97) Research on language acquisition indicates that A A) childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition. B) sign language can be learned equally well at any age. C) language learning is optimal after brain lateralization has occurred. D) the right hemisphere of the brain is biased for language processing.
98) Social-interactionsts emphasize that B A) a language acquisition device helps children rapidly learn new words. B) ch ildren’s social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development. C) brain regions housing language also govern similar perceptual and cognitive abilities. D) a single system of grammar underlies all languages. 99) Bab ies A) B) C) D) everywhere start babbling at about the same age, but for babbling to develop further, D babies must be able to produce intonation patterns. the speech must be in the babies’ native language. it needs to be paired with rudimentary sign language. babies must be able to hear human speech.
100) Which of the following is supported by research on babbling? B A) Babies of d ifferent native languages differ widely in the range of early sounds that they produce. B) A deaf infant not exposed to sign language will stop babbling entirely. C) Deaf infants do not start babbling until much later than hearing infants. D) Deaf infants produce a range of early sounds similar to those of hearing infants.
CHAPTER 6
EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
USE A NEW SCANTRON:
1) According to Erikson’s theory, a mistrustful baby C A) protects herself by exploring the world. B) will reject her mother and look to other adults for comfo rt. C) protects herself by withdrawing fro m people and things around her. D) will develop a disorganized/disoriented attachment. 2) Stranger an xiety is C A) uncommon in well-adjusted toddlers. B) less likely if the unfamiliar adult p icks up the wary infant. C) less common in cu ltures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another. D) mo re co mmon in cultures where babies are frequently passed from on e adult to another. 3) Once wariness of strangers develops after 6 months, A A) babies use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to exp lore. B) other typical fears decline. C) the stranger’s style of interaction does little to co mfort babies. D) infants resist exploring new environments. 4) Research on maternal depression shows that D A) infants of depressed mothers have low levels of the stress hormone cortisol. B) it rarely has a lasting impact on the infant, unless it persists for more than a year. C) most mothers with depression require long-term t reatment for a full recovery. D) depressed mothers view their infants mo re negatively than independent observers do. 5) Which of the fo llo wing is true about paternal depression? A A) Paternal depression is linked to frequent father–child conflict as children gro w older. B) It rarely has a lasting impact on the infant, unless it persists for more than a year. C) Most fathers with depression require long-term treat ment for a full recovery. D) Early treat ment is quite effective for maternal, but not paternal, depression. 6) So me researchers claim that infants respond in kind to others’ emot ions through a fairly automatic process of B A) emotional self-regulation. B) emot ional contagion. C) social referencing. D) classical conditioning.
7) Infants use __________ by actively seeking emotional information fro m a trusted person in an uncertain situation. D A) self-control B) an internal working model C) emot ional self-regulation D) social referencing 8) In Erikson’s theory, the conflict of toddlerhood, _______________, is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices. D A) basic trust versus mistrust B) industry versus inferiority C) init iative versus guilt D) autonomy versus shame and doubt 9) According to Erikson, a mother who __________ is likely to pro mote autonomy in toddlerhood. A A) gives a child an ext ra five minutes to finish playing before they leave the park B) makes her son put away his toys immediately when asked C) p icks up her son’s toys, puts away his books, and makes his bed on a daily basis D) crit icizes her son whenever he incorrectly uses his fork or spoon 10) Adults who __________ may not have fully mastered the tasks of trust and autonomy during infancy and childhood. B A) establish deep intimate ties with others B) are overly dependent on a loved one C) have well-defined impu lse controls D) have a strong sense of individuality 11) Infants A) B) C) D) whose parents ___________ tend to be less fussy. C respond impatiently to their emot ional cues wait to intervene until the baby becomes agitated “read” and respond contingently and sympathetically to their emotional cues ignore negative emotion
12) ____________ is early-appearing, stable individual d ifferences in reactiv ity and self-regulation. A A) Temperament B) Distractibility C) Effort ful control D) Emot ional self-regulation 13) React ivity refers to the C A) regularity of body functions, such as sleep, wakefulness, and hunger. B) ease with wh ich a child adapts to changes in the environment. C) quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. D) intensity of stimulation required to evoke a response. 14) According to Tho mas and Chess’s research, __________ children are at h igh risk for an xious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle ch ildhood. D A) inhibited B) easy C) slo w-to-warm-up D) difficult 15) Heritability research indicates that genes ______________ to shyness and sociability. B A) do not contribute B) contribute only modestly C) contribute at least half D) contribute significantly 16) Overall stability of temperament is B A) very low. C) generally moderate to high. B) only low to moderate. D) very high.
17) Persistent nutritional and emot ional deprivation ___________ temperament. C A) has a low to moderate effect on B) is unrelated to stability in C) pro foundly alters D) is only slightly correlated with stability in
18) Research on temperament shows that C A) parents of difficu lt children often undermine the development of effortfu l control by ignoring maladaptive behavior. B) cu ltural context makes little d ifference in whether shy children adjust well or poorly. C) cu ltural values affect the fit between parenting and child temperament. D) Russian infants are less emotionally negative and fearful than U.S. infants. 19) Toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations fro m their parents B A) usually develop an insecure attachment to their parents. B) so metimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects, such as blankets and stuffed animals. C) are at-risk for d isorganized/disoriented attachment. D) may develop a secure attachment to their child-care provider but have trouble bonding with their parents. 20) Which of the following is supported by research on the stability of attach ment patterns between 1 and 2 years of age? B A) In lo w-SES families with many daily stresses, attachment generally moves fro m insecurity to security. B) Securely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than insecure babies. C) About 20 percent of disorganized/disoriented babies retain their classification over time. D) M iddle-SES babies with secure attachments are the least likely to maintain a stable attachment pattern. 21) Spit z’s study of institutionalized infants found that the babies experienced emotional difficulties because they were B A) abandoned by their mothers. B) prevented fro m forming a bond with one or a few adults. C) malnourished. D) ”late adoptees.” 22) Co mpared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive ___________ care. C A) disorganized/disoriented B) understimulating, inconsistent C) overstimulat ing, intrusive D) unresponsive 23) Infant characteristics do not show strong relationships with attachment quality because C A) temperament is not stable until middle to late childhood. B) most newborns easily form secure attachments with their primary caregivers. C) many child attributes can lead to secure attachment as long as the caregiver behaves sensitively. D) measuring the quality of the emotional bond between parents and their in fants is difficult. 24) Bab ies A) B) C) D) 25) develop attachments to C a single, special person. female careg ivers who feed them. a variety of familiar people. fathers only when their mothers are unavailable.
Research in d iverse cultures demonstrates that fathers’ B A) warmth contributes little to children’s long-term favorable development. B) sustained affectionate involvement protects children against a wide range of ch ildhood emotional and behavioral problems. C) p lay sensitivity predicts a resistant father–child attachment in adolescence. D) warmth pro motes short-term, but not long-term, favorable develop ment.
CHAPTER 8
EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
26) According to Erikson, once preschoolers have a sense of autonomy, they become less _______ than they were as toddlers. C A) playfu l B) industrious C) contrary D) purposeful 27) According to Erikson, one of the major functions of play is to allow children to D A) escape fro m the demands of their lives into a fantasy world. B) represent their unconscious wishes and desires symbolically . C) show their caregivers the things that are important to them. D) try out new skills with little risk of crit icis m or failure. 28) A lthough Freud’s ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development, Erikson’s image of _______ captures the diverse changes in young children’s emotional and social lives. C A) the superego B) mistrust C) init iative D) psychosexual stages 29) Adults A) B) C) D) can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by A adjusting their expectations to children’s capacities. only point ing out large mistakes. always giving them positive feedback, regardless of actual performance. only presenting them with easy tasks.
30) Emotional co mpetence D A) develops fro m repeated experiences with failure. B) results in a decline in self-conscious emotions. C) is influenced more by biology than the environment. D) is vital for successful peer relationships and overall mental health. 31) Research on emotional self-regulation demonstrates that B A) the frequency of emotional outbursts increases during the preschool years. B) preschoolers know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input. C) fears are unco mmon during the preschool years because young children have good self-regulatory skills. D) preschoolers do not yet understand that they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input. 32) Inhibit ing impu lses and shifting attention through _____________ are vital in managing emotion during early childhood. A A) effortfu l control B) parental redirection C) sensory stimu lation D) self-awareness 33) Preschoolers’ self-conscious emotions are C A) altruistic actions that benefit another person. B) independent of parental messages. C) clearly lin ked to self-evaluation. D) mo re intense in children whose parents regularly comment on how to improve perfo rmance. 34) Ch ild ren who are sociable and assertive are A A) mo re likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress. B) usually poor at regulat ing emotion. C) likely to show a rise in heart rate and lip b iting when they see a peer in distress. D) often overwhelmed by others’ distress.
35) When parents have an angry and punitive style, their children A A) are often less equipped to show sympathy for others. B) are likely to show sensitive concern for their peers’ feelings. C) tend to seek out peers in distress and offer comfort. D) show sympathy, but not empathy, when confronted with an upset classmate. 36) Which of the following is true about peer sociability in collectivist versus individualistic societies? B A) Children in collectivist cultures spend more t ime in parallel play than children in individualistic cultures. B) Ch ildren in collectiv ist societies are more willing to include a quiet, reserved child in play than child ren in indiv idualistic cultures. C) Ch ildren in individualistic cultures tend to play in larger groups than children in co llect ivist cultures. D) Children in collectivist cultures spend more t ime in joint make-believe p lay than children in individualistic cultures. 37) Four- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as B A) sharing thoughts and feelings. B) p leasurable play and sharing of toys. C) having an enduring quality based on mutual trust. D) dependent on caring for one another in times of need. 38) Research on friendships shows that D A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends. B) preschoolers give more reinforcement to nonfriends than to friends. C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust. D) the ease with which kindergarteners make new friends predicts behaviors linked to gains in achievement. 39) Research on parental influences on children’s peer sociability shows that C A) preschoolers whose parents frequently arrange informal peer p lay activities tend to exhibit weak social skills. B) parents tend to play more with children of the other sex. C) secure attachment to parents is linked to larger peer networks during the preschool years. D) the quality of play with fathers is more strongly linked to social co mpetence among girls than among boys. 40) Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child’s morality is D A) regulated by inner standards. B) mot ivated by a fear of retribution. C) driven by compassionate concern. D) externally controlled by adults. 41) Research reveals that inductive discipline B A) fails to provide children with informat ion about how to behave in fu ture situations. B) helps children notice others’ feelings and points out the effects of children’s misbehavior on others. C) d iscourages the development of empathy and sympathy. D) encourages children to comp ly with rules in order to avoid the loss of parental love. 42) Current research indicates that Freud was correct that A) children adopt the moral standards of their same-sex parent. B) guilt is an important motivator of mo ral action. C) ch ildren’s fear of punishment leads to the development of moral behavior. D) fear of the loss of parental love motivates conscience format ion. 43) According to social learn ing theorists, children learn to behave mo rally D A) largely through operant conditioning. B) because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced. C) because they feel empathy-based guilt. D) by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.
44) Frequent punishment B A) pro motes mo ral development and prosocial behavior. B) pro motes immediate co mpliance, but not lasting changes in behavior. C) is more co mmon with school-age children than with toddlers and preschoolers. D) produces lasting changes in child ren’s behavior. 45) Research on corporal punishment shows that spanking is D A) associated with a rise in problem behaviors regardless of the cultural context. B) v iewed by most Caucasian-American ch ildren as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind. C) a more effective form of discip line than time out, withdrawal of privileges, or induction. D) associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive. 46) Studies suggest that time out is useful as a disciplinary technique C A) because it involves withdrawal of parental love. B) only when co mbined with withdrawal of p riv ileges. C) when a child is out of control. D) only when a parent is angry enough to need a cooling-off period. 47) One strategy of positive discipline is B A) punishing children only as a last resort. B) reducing opportunities for misbehavior. C) allowing children freedo m fro m family routines and duties. D) using time out when children are obstinate. 48) In contrast to the psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches to morality, the cognitive-develop mental perspective D A) focuses on how child ren internalize standards of good conduct fro m adults. B) emphasizes forms of discip line that encourage and reward good conduct. C) encourages the use of corporal punishment to correct misbehavior. D) regards children as active thinkers about social rules. 49) Co mpared with siblings in typical families, preschool siblings who have crit ical, punitive parents are more A) passive toward one another. C B) likely to be shy and inhibited in social situations. C) verbally and physically aggressive toward one another. D) emotionally close to one another. 50) Highly aggressive children tend to B A) be only children. B) seek out deviant peer groups. C) do as well in school as their nonaggressive peers. D) be accepted by peers, but rejected by adults.
CHAPTER 10
EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
51) According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is D A) autonomy versus shame and doubt. B) basic trust versus mistrust. C) ego versus despair. D) industry versus inferio rity.
52) Beg inning in middle ch ildhood, child ren’s self-descriptions start to emphasize C A) specific behaviors and observable traits. B) industry over inferiority. C) both negative and positive characteristics. D) internal states and physical attributes. 53) As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in A A) feedback fro m close friends. B) parental attitudes. C) information fro m siblings. D) feedback fro m teachers. 54) Which of the following is true about cultural influences on self-esteem? D A) In academic self-judgments, boys have higher language arts self-esteem than girls. B) Boys exceed girls in self-esteem d imensions of close friendship and social acceptance. C) North A merican children score lower in self-esteem than Asian children. D) Asian children score lower in self-esteem than North American ch ildren. 55) Over t ime, the ability of __________ children no longer predicts their performance. D A) mastery-oriented B) low-SES C) h igh-SES D) learned-helpless 56) Co mpared to preschoolers, school-age children are more likely to exp lain emotion by referring to __________ than to __________. D A) observable characteristics; personality traits B) personality traits; psychological qualities C) external events; internal states D) internal states; external events 57) During middle childhood, children’s emotional understanding develops as they become aware that B A) others’ facial expressions indicate their feelings. B) people can feel mo re than one emotion at a t ime. C) pride and guilt p rimarily occur when adults are present. D) basic emotions are related to personal responsibility. 58) Appreciat ing mixed emotions helps children realize that A A) people’s expressions may not reflect their true feelings. B) negative emotions are more frequent than positive emot ions. C) positive and negative motions cannot be experienced simu ltaneously. D) tone of voice is a more accurate predictor of emotion than facial expressions. 59) Which of the following is true about emotional self-regulation in midd le childhood? B A) Problem-centered coping is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress. B) By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emot ion-centered coping. C) When outcomes are beyond their control, school-age children rely on problem-centered coping and seek social support. D) Young school-age children emphasize concern for others’ feelings more often than older child ren. 60) Which of the following is true about perspective taking? B A) Good perspective takers handle difficult social situations effectively but are inconsistent in their displays of empathy and sympathy. B) Ch ildren with poor social skills have great difficulty imagining others’ thoughts and feelings. C) Because school-age children are egocentric, they have difficulty understanding others’ viewpoints. D) While angry and aggressive children often mistreat adults and peers, they usually experience feelings of guilt and remorse when pro mpted by awareness of another’s viewpoint.
61) Which of the following is true about moral develop ment? C A) In middle ch ildhood, children typically say truth telling is always good and lying is always bad. B) In middle childhood, children primarily rely on reinforcement to acquire mo rally relevant behavio rs. C) By middle childhood, children have had time to internalize rules for good conduct, which leads them to become considerably more independent and trustworthy. D) While school-age children thin k about right and wrong, they usually copy their morality fro m others. 62) _______ usually decline(s) in middle ch ildhood. D A) Social co mparisons B) Understanding of social conventions C) A desire for equality D) Prejudice 63) Rejected-aggressive children are A A) deficient in perspective taking and emot ional self-regulation. B) passive and socially awkward. C) bullied more o ften than rejected-withdrawn children. D) accepted by boys but rejected by girls. 64) Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) ___________ style in the early years. B A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) permissive D) uninvolved 65) Which of the following statements is true about parent–child relationships in middle childhood? A A) When both parents are present, fathers engage in as much caregiv ing as mothers. B) Fathers spend more t ime than mothers with school-age children. C) While mothers are h ighly involved, fathers are mo re knowledgeable about children’s everyday activities. D) Fathers are mo re concerned than mothers with ensuring that children meet responsibilities in homework, after-school lessons, and chores. 66) Fifth and sixth graders describe _________ as the most influential people in their lives. C A) peers B) best friends C) parents D) siblings 67) Which of the following is supported by research on sibling rivalry? A A) Sib ling rivalry tends to be more frequent among siblings who are close in age. B) Sib ling rivalry is greater between brothers and sisters than among same-sex siblings. C) During the middle ch ildhood years, sibling rivalry tends to decrease. D) Sib ling rivalry often increases when siblings strive to be different fro m one another. 68) Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to child ren with siblings. D A) exh ibit h igher rates of antisocial behavior B) have lower self-esteem C) d isplay poorer social skills D) are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation 69) Which of the following is an accurate statement about divorce rates? D A) Russia now has the highest divorce rate in the world. B) Ch ildren of divorce spend an average of three years in a single-parent home. C) At any given time, one-third of U.S. children live in single-parent households. D) About two-thirds of divorced parents marry again. 70) Which of the following statements is true about the immediate consequences of divorce? A A) Family conflict often rises in newly d ivorced households as parents try to settle disputes over children and possessions. B) In the United States, a small minority of single mothers with young children live in poverty. C) About 70 percent of children in d ivorced families display problems. D) Contact with noncustodial fathers usually increases over time.
71) Noncustodial fathers who see their children only occasionally tend to take on a(n) __________ style of parenting. D A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) permissive 72) Which of the following is true about children’s temperament and sex d ifferences in adjustment to parental d ivorce? C A) Easy children are more often targets of parental anger and also cope less effectively with adversity. B) In mother-custody family arrangements, girls are at greater risk than boys for serious adjustment problems. C) Coercive maternal behavior and defiance on the part of sons are common in d ivorcing households. D) Girls receive less emotional support than boys from teachers and peers. 73) The overrid ing factor in positive adjustment following divorce is A A) shield ing the child fro m family conflict and using authoritative child rearing. B) ch ildren’s cognitive and social maturity. C) ch ildren’s relationships with extended family, teachers, and friends. D) court-mandated counseling for parents and children. 74) Beg inning in middle ch ildhood, a co mmon fear is C A) the dark. C) the possibility of personal harm. B) ghosts and goblins. D) thunder and lightning.
75) Elliott, age 11, is suddenly afraid to go to school. Which of the following is the best advice you can give to Elliott’s parents? D A) Allow him to stay home fro m school until he feels mo re co mfortable. B) Beco me mo re protective of h im by acco mpanying him to his classes. C) Lightheartedly point out that being afraid of going to school is not normal. D) Firmly insist that he return to school, and train him in how to cope with difficult situations.
CHAPTER 11
PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE
76) G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a A A) period so turbulent that it resemb les the era in which hu mans evolved from savages into civilized beings. B) t ime in which teenagers grasp scientific and mathematical principles and grapple with social and political issues. C) generally p leasant time o f life in wh ich the social environ ment is responsible for the range of teenage experiences. D) brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult ro les and responsibilities. 77) On average, g irls reach puberty C A) at appro ximately the same time as boys. C) 2 years earlier than boys. B) 2 months earlier than boys. D) 2 years later than boys.
78) Which of the following statements about adolescent physical fitness is true? C A) Activity rates of North A merican youths increase drastically fro m middle childhood to adolescence. B) The majo rity of North A merican teenagers are active enough for good health. C) Only about 40 percent of North A merican girls and 50 percent of boys are active enough for good health. D) Sports and exercise have little influence on cognitive or social develop ment.
79) Girls exposed to family conflict tend to reach menarche __________, whereas those with warm family ties tend to reach menarche __________. D A) relatively late; early B) on target; late C) at the same age as their mothers; earlier than their mothers D) early; relatively late 80) Threats to __________ health accelerate puberty, whereas threats to ___________ health delay it. A A) emotional; physical B) physical; social C) social; emotional D) physical; emotional 81) Which of the following statements about secular trends in pubertal development is true? B A) In industrialized nations, the age of menarche increased steadily fro m 1900 to 1970. B) In industrialized nations, the age of menarche declined steadily fro m 1900 to 1970. C) In No rth America and some European countries, rates of overweight and obesity rise sharply during puberty. D) In industrialized nations, the age of spermarche increased steadily fro m 1900 to 1970. 82) During puberty, the neurons become mo re responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters. As a result, adolescents C A) handle stressful events better than most adults. B) experience pleasurable stimu li less intensely, causing them to seek outside stimulation, such as illicit drugs. C) react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely. D) require less nightly sleep than school-age children and adults. 83) Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who C A) are older. B) are slightly younger. C) match their own level of bio logical maturity. D) mature later than they do. 84) The most common nutritional problem of adolescence is ______ deficiency. C A) calciu m B) protein C) iron D) zinc 85) ___________ is a tragic eating disturbance in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat. D A) Bulimia nervosa B) Addictive starvation C) Food insecurity D) Anorexia nervosa 86) Boys account for about _____ percent of cases of anorexia. B A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 87) Carlie engages in strict dieting and excessive exercise acco mpanied by binge eating, often followed by purging. Carlie suffers fro m A A) bulimia nervosa. B) food insecurity. C) maras mus. D) anorexia nervosa. 88) Co mpared to other cultures, North A merican adolescents have D A) very open sexual attitudes. B) a more open attitude toward homosexuality. C) little or no informat ion about sex. D) relatively restrict ive sexual attitudes. 89) About _______ percent of U.S. adolescents report having had sexual intercourse. B A) 25 B) 35 C) 50 D) 65
90) Research shows that many adolescents do not use contraception during sexual activ ity because they A A) fail to apply their reasoning skills to everyday situations. B) en joy the thrill of risky behavior. C) receive inaccurate information on pregnancy and STDs. D) are unable to determine the consequences of their actions. 91) Which of the following statements is true? A A) Attraction to members of the same sex is not limited to teens who identify as gay or lesbian. B) Most homosexual adolescents are gender deviant in dress and behavior. C) About 85 percent of adolescents who report having engaged in homosexual acts identify as homosexual. D) Researchers have yet to identify a lin k between heredity and homosexuality. 92) Which of the following statements is true about the spread of STDs, including AIDS? D A) It is at least five times as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male. B) It is at least five times as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to infect a female. C) It is just as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to in fect a female. D) It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male. 93) Teenage pregnancies are a far greater prob lem today than several decades ago because C A) most public schools teach abstinence only, which does little to prepare teens for safe sex. B) the stig ma of teenage parenthood is much worse and many couples refuse to adopt the baby of a teenage mother. C) adolescents are far less likely to marry before ch ildbirth, increasing the negative consequences for both mother and baby. D) most adolescents lack the knowledge and resources to protect themselves from u nwanted pregnancies. 94) Which of the following statements is true of teenage mothers? D A) Most experience serious birth co mplications. B) Most receive state-mandated child support payments from the father. C) They are less likely to divorce if they do marry. D) They have a 30 percent likelihood of dropping out of high school. 95) Which substance do American adolescents experiment with most during high school? B A) cigarettes B) alcohol C) marijuana D) cocaine 96) By the end of high school, 50 percent of teenagers have experimented with illegal drugs. These numbers D A) are most likely inaccurate since adolescent drug users rarely ad mit to their behavior. B) show a substantial increase since the mid-1990s, despite greater focus on the hazards of drug use. C) show that drug use has changed little since the mid-1990s, despite increased focus on the hazards of drug use. D) represent a substantial decline since the mid-1990s, probably resulting fro m increased focus on the hazards of drug use. 97) According to Piaget, around age 11, young people enter the formal operational stage of development, in which they D A) are strongly motivated to experiment with new memo ry strategies. B) require concrete things and events as objects of thought. C) cannot separate the effects of variables in p roblem solving. D) are able to co me up with new, general logical ru les through internal reflection. 98) Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development C A) can only operate on reality. B) cannot “operate on operations.” C) no longer require concrete things and events as objects of thought. D) cannot yet come up with general logical ru les through internal reflect ion.
99) Kia, age 14, uses hypothetic-deductive reasoning. Therefore, she probably A A) makes predictions about variables that might affect an outcome and then deduces logical, testable inferences fro m that hypothesis. B) starts with what she knows, conducts observations, and revises her approach to problem solving. C) cannot yet think of alternatives when her predictions about an outcome are not confirmed. D) is strongly motivated to identify and experiment with new memo ry strategies, although she may not yet use new strategies effectively. 100) The primary factor that prevents college students and adults fro m displaying fo rmal operational thin king in some situations is that A A) they do not have enough experience and practice in using such reasoning. B) they fail to use memory strategies effectively. C) this kind of th inking is not especially useful in our society. D) there is a cultural stigma associated with formal operations.
MULTIPLE CHOICE: PLEASE RECORD YOUR RESPONSES USING A NO. 2 PENCIL ON A SCANTRON 1) Develop mental science is a field of study devoted to A) proving contemporary theories of develop ment. B) understanding abnormal develop ment in children and adolescents. C) understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan. D) identifying genetic contributions to disease and illness. 2) Theories are vital tools for develop mental researchers because they A) ensure proper use of research procedures. B) illustrate the ultimate truth regarding hu man behavior. C) prov ide organizing frameworks for our observations of people. D) do not require scientific verificat ion. 3) The ___________ view of development holds that infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. A) discontinuous B) nature C) continuous D) nurture
4) W ithin the ________________ view of develop ment, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific t imes. A) discontinuous B) nature C) continuous D) nurture 5) Theorists who point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior emphasize A) stages. B) d iscontinuity. C) stability. D) continuity. 6) Theorists who believe that change is possible and even likely if new experiences support it emphasize A) stages. B) p lasticity. C) nature. D) stability. 7) The lifespan perspective on development assumes that A) develop ment is static and stable. B) events that occur during infancy and early childhood have the strongest impact on the life course. C) develop ment is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces. D) individual development is continuous, rather than discontinuous. 8) In the lifespan perspective, every age period of human development A) has its own agenda and its unique demands and opportunities that yield some similarit ies in development across many individuals. B) has a lesser impact on the life course than the earliest age periods. C) is unidirect ional and marked by imp roved performance. D) has a greater impact on the life course than the previous age period. 9) Research on resilience shows that A) heredity is more powerful than the environment in protecting child ren fro m the negative effects of stressful life events. B) the environ ment is more powerfu l than heredity in protecting children fro m the negative effects of stressful life events. C) interventions must attend to both the person and the environment to strengthen a child’s capacity while also reducing hazardous experiences. D) plasticity is limited to infancy and early ch ildhood.
10) According to the psychoanalytic perspective, personality development is greatly influenced by A) children’s ability to listen, remember, and abstract general rules fro m observed behaviors. B) how children resolve conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. C) ch ildren’s efforts to achieve equilibriu m between internal structures and external stimu li. D) cultural values, laws, customs, and norms. 11) Sig mund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory A) on the basis of his adult patients’ memo ries of painful childhood events. B) by conducting studies of animal behavior. C) on the basis of interviews with institutionalized ch ildren and adolescents. D) by carefu lly observing his own children. 12) One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream o f child develop ment is because A) it tells us little about factors that contribute to personality development. B) its theorists were so strongly committed to the clin ical approach that they failed to consider other methods. C) contemporary theorists have found that personality development does not take places in stages. D) it fails to recognize the role of the early parent–child relationship in personality development. 13) Behaviorism focuses on A) unconscious impulses and drives. C) natural selection and survival of the fittest. B) stimu li and responses. D) clin ical case studies.
14) In classical conditioning, A) a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response. B) an innate reflex is ext inguished. C) unconscious impulses and drives support healthy development. D) a reflexive response is paired with a new stimulus that produces a nonreflexive response. 15) According to B. F. Skinner, __________ will increase the frequency of a behavior and __________ will decrease the frequency of a behavior. A) punishment; rein forcement B) rein forcement; punishment C) modeling; reinforcement D) punishment; imitation 16) Albert Bandura’s social learn ing theory emphasizes the role of __________ in guiding child ren’s responses to particular situations. A) conditioned stimu li B) punishment C) cognition D) reinforcement 17) According to ___________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling. A) reinforcement B) operant conditioning C) social learning D) classical conditioning 18) According to Jean Piaget, ___________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds. A) modeling B) maturation C) cognition D) equilib riu m 19) John Bowlby argued that A) behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants. B) infants become attached to their parents because parents are associated with the reduction of primary drives, such as hunger and thirst. C) parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other. D) attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.
20) A(n) _______________ is a number that describes how two measures are associated with each other. A) correlat ion coefficient B) independent variable C) dependent variable D) random assignment 21) The ______________ variable is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable. A) correlat ional B) independent C) dependent D) stochastic 22) A dependent variable is the A) one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable. B) nu mber that describes how two measures are associated with each other. C) nu mber that shows the strength of the relationship between two measures. D) one the investigator randomly assigns to represent participant characteristics. 23) Random assignment A) can co mpro mise an experimental design by exposing the researcher’s bias. B) assures that participants are assigned to experimental conditions in an unbiased manner. C) is impossible to use in experimental designs. D) is a control technique that is primarily used in correlational studies. 24) The cross-sectional design is an efficient strategy for describing A) co mmon patterns in development. B) individual differences in develop ment. C) age-related trends. D) relationships between early and later events and behaviors. 25) A major disadvantage of cross -sectional research is that A) age-related changes cannot be examined. B) part icipants often drop out before the study is over. C) factors affecting indiv idual develop ment cannot be explored. D) practice effects often cause biased findings.
CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOUNDATIONS
26) Directly observable characteristics, such as eye color and height, are called A) zygotes. B) phenotypes. C) chro mosomes. D) genotypes. 27) A genotype is a A) physical or behavioral characteristic, determined both by environmental and genetic factors. B) d irectly observable characteristic. C) rodlike structure in the cell nucleus that transmits genetic informat ion. D) co mplex b lend of genetic info rmation that determines the species and influences unique characteristics. 28) Generally, hu man chro mosomes come in _____ matching pairs. A) 18 B) 21 C) 23 D) 26 29) According to the concept of genetic–environmental correlat ion, A) the environ ments to which we are exposed determine our genotype. B) our genes affect how we respond to the environment. C) we tend to seek out social partners with a similar genetic makeup. D) our genes influence the environ ments to which we are exposed.
30) Rodlike structures called ______________ store and transmit genetic information. A) phenotypes B) chro mosomes C) genotypes D) genes 31) A gene is a A) rodlike structure that stores and transmits genetic information. B) seg ment of DNA along the length of the chromosome. C) double-stranded molecu le that looks like a twisted ladder. D) directly observable characteristic. 32) Research shows that __________ genes lie along the human chro mosomes. A) 23 pairs of B) 2,000 to 2,500 C) 20,000 to 25,000 D) 200,000 to 250,000 33) Bet ween ______________ percent of chimpanzee and hu man DNA is identical. A) 20 and 25 B) 50 and 55 C) 75 and 80 D) 98 and 99 34) __________ is/are a major cause of the dramatic rise in mu lt iple b irths in recent decades. A) Illicit drug use during pregnancy B) Lo w maternal weight gain C) Young maternal age D) Fertility drugs 35) Ch ild ren with diabetes tend to have fathers, not mothers, with the illness. The pattern of inheritance is best explained by A) incomp lete dominance. B) X-linked inheritance. C) geno mic imp rinting. D) genetic mutation. 36) Frag ile X syndrome is A) exp ressed only when it is passed from father to child. B) the most common inherited cause of mental retardation. C) expressed when it is passed from either parent to child. D) lin ked to more than half of the cases of autism. 37) __________ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment in DNA that can create __________. A) Mutation; genetic abnormalities B) Meiosis; X-linked d isorders C) M itosis, fragile X syndrome D) Genomic imp rinting; mutations 38) Studies of mutation demonstrate that A) some mutations occur spontaneously, simply by chance. B) mutations are never desirable. C) males who are exposed to ionizing forms of radiat ion are not at increased risk for producing babies with genetic abnormalities. D) exposure to nonionizing forms of radiation, such as microwaves, can cause genetic damage. 39) So matic mutation A) increases with age. B) decreases with age. C) shows that each of us has a single, permanent genotype. D) occurs at conception. 40) Characteristics that vary on a continuum among people, such as height, weight, or intelligence, are most likely determined by __________ inheritance. A) X-linked B) polygenic C) do minant-recessive D) paternal 41) Most chromosomal defects result fro m A) X-linked disorders. C) mistakes occurring during meiosis. B) mistakes occurring during mitosis. D) recessive disorders.
42) Down syndrome most co mmonly results fro m A) a failure o f the twenty-first pair of chro mosomes to separate during meiosis. B) increased age of the father. C) o xygen deprivation during or immediately after b irth. D) mutation of the genetic material on the twenty-third chromosomal pair. 43) The risk of bearing a child with Down syndrome rises dramatically with A) poor prenatal care. B) maternal age. C) prenatal tobacco exposure. D) prenatal malnutrition. 44) The most common sex chro mosome d isorders involve A) aggressive and antisocial behavior. B) the presence of an extra chro mosome or the absence of one X in females. C) spontaneous miscarriage. D) mental retardation. 45) Most adopted children A) have trouble developing feelings of trust and affection toward their adoptive parents. B) beco me well-adjusted adults. C) fare better if they are adopted after infancy. D) begin to search for their birth parents during early adolescence. 46) For both affluent and low-SES youths, what simp le routine is associated with a reduction in ad justment difficult ies? A) eating dinner with parents B) early bedtimes C) co mp leting homework before d inner D) weekly family night 47) Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children. A) the Un ited States B) Canada C) Germany D) France 48) The rise in ho melessness in the United States is largely due to __________ and __________. A) the increasing nu mber of job layoffs; increasing rates of substance abuse B) the decline in lo w-cost housing; the rise in unemploy ment C) the decline in lo w-cost housing; the release of large numbers of mentally ill people fro m institutions D) welfare reform; increasing health care costs 49) Heritability estimates A) are likely to exaggerate the role of the environ ment. B) tend to overestimate the importance of the environ ment. C) cannot be used to study complex traits, such as intelligence and personality. D) are likely to exaggerate the role of hered ity. 50) The most serious criticis m of heritability estimates is that they A) are not applicable to people who do not have siblings. B) can be used only with simp le traits, such as eye color and handedness. C) are not relevant to populations whose home, school, and rearing conditions are very similar. D) provide no precise informat ion about how the traits examined develop within individuals.
CHAPTER 3 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, BIRTH, AND THE NEWBORN BABY
51) The period of the embryo lasts fro m A) fertilization to imp lantation. B) fert ilization through the third week of pregnancy. C) imp lantation through the eighth week of pregnancy. D) the eighth week of pregnancy until birth. 52) Research suggests that more active fetuses during the third trimester are mo re likely to become 2-year-olds who D A) are easily overwhelmed by sensory stimulat ion. B) have trouble establishing a regular sleep-wake pattern. C) have irregular eating schedules. D) are less fearfu l. 53) During the embryonic period of pregnancy, teratogens A A) cause the most serious damage to the developing organism. B) usually affect the growth of sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears. C) usually cause only minor damage to the developing organism. D) have no impact on the developing organism. 54) Which of the following is true about the consequences of smoking during pregnancy? C A) If the smo king mother is in good physical condition, fetal develop ment will likely be normal. B) The best-known effect of s moking during the prenatal period is cancer later in childhood. C) Smoking during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, asthma, infant death, and childhood cancer. D) Even if a pregnant woman stops smoking during the last trimester, she cannot reduce the likelihood that her child will be born underweight. 55) The mo re alcohol a wo man consumes during pregnancy, the A A) poorer the child’s intelligence and achievement test scores during the school years. B) greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS. C) h igher the birth weight of the child. D) greater the child’s speed of informat ion processing. 56) Lo w-level radiation, resulting fro m industrial leakage or med ical X-rays, B A) is only harmfu l when combined with other teratogens. B) can increase the risk of childhood cancer. C) rarely causes lasting damage. D) is safe during the last trimester. 57) Pregnant wo men are advised to avoid __________ to reduce the likelihood of mercury exposure. D A) changing cat litter bo xes B) exposure to paint flaking off the walls of o ld build ings C) exposure to dioxins D) eating swordfish, albacore tuna, and shark 58) High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to D A) deformit ies of the gums and nails. B) d ifficu lty in chewing and swallo wing. C) breast and uterine cancers in wo men. D) prematurity, low b irth weight, and brain damage.
59) Even a tiny amount of dio xin in the paternal bloodstream can cause C A) intestinal abnormalit ies. B) serious birth defects. C) a dramatic change in sex ratio of offspring. D) hearing loss. 60) Which of the following is true about prenatal rubella? B A) The greatest damage occurs when rubella strikes during the fetal period. B) Brain abnormalit ies resulting fro m it increase the risk of severe mental illness in adulthood. C) Routine vaccination has made new rubella outbreaks extremely rare world wide. D) Infection during the embryonic period is less harmful than during other prenatal periods. 61) HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the deadly virus to the developing organism _______ percent of the time. B A) 10 to 20 B) 20 to 30 C) 40 to 50 D) 80 to 90 62) Prenatal malnutrit ion can cause serious damage to the A A) central nervous system. B) eyes. C) genitals. D) heart. 63) Prenatally malnourished babies frequently B A) reject breast milk. B) catch respiratory illnesses. C) have a higher than average birth weight. D) have enlarged hearts. 64) If untreated, to xemia can cause A A) convulsions in the mother and fetal death. B) extra sugar in the mother’s bloodstream. C) swelling of the fetus’s face, hands, and feet. D) behavioral problems in adolescence. 65) Infants born to mothers who did not seek timely prenatal care are five t imes more likely to ______ than those whose mothers received early medical attention. B A) be born overweight B) d ie C) be born underweight D) have genetic abnormalities 66) Co mpared to fu ll-term infants, preterm babies D A) have chubbier cheeks and larger eyes. B) are at a lower risk for child abuse. C) are more often held close, touched, and talked to gently. D) are less often held close, touched, and talked to gently. 67) The United States has the most up-to-date health care technology in the world and is currently ranked _____ in international infant mortality. D A) first B) seventh C) fifteenth D) twenty-sixth 68) Each country that outranks the United States in infant survival B A) has better health care technology. B) prov ides all its citizens with government-sponsored health care benefits. C) offers expectant parents just six weeks of childbirth leave. D) offers fewer social and economic supports to new parents. 69) A _______ is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form o f stimulat ion. A A) reflex B) state of arousal C) cry D) movement pattern
70) The Babinski reflex D A) prepares the infant for voluntary reaching. B) d isappears within two months after birth. C) may have helped infants cling to their mothers in hu man evolutionary past. D) appears when an infant’s foot is stroked on the sole fro m toe to heel. 71) Which of the following is true about REM sleep? A A) REM sleep is vital for gro wth of the central nervous system. B) During REM sleep, the body is almost motionless. C) REM sleep accounts for 20 percent of a newborn baby’s sleep time. D) During REM sleep, the heart rate, breathing, and brain-wave activity are slow and even. 72) Healthy babies often cry A A) at the sound of another crying baby. C) because they are bored. 73) Early A) B) C) D) B) in shrill, p iercing tones. D) all night long.
medical records of SIDS babies reveal B a family h istory of chromosomal abnormalit ies. h igher rates of prematurity and low b irth weight, poor Apgar scores, and limp muscle tone. they were born after their due date and had higher than average birth weights. they often cried or wh impered in their sleep.
74) Parents can reduce the likelihood of SIDS by C A) tightly swaddling their infants during sleep. B) making sure their infants do not have pacifiers when sleeping. C) p lacing infants to sleep on their backs. D) adding pillows and blankets in the cribs. 75) Which of the following is supported by research on colic? D A) Colic is usually a sign of central nervous system damage. B) Infants with colic tend to have persistent low-pitched cries. C) Co lic usually subsides between 3 and 6 weeks. D) Newborns who react especially strongly to unpleasant stimuli are at risk fo r colic.
CHAPTER 5 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
76) During __________, children use their current schemes to interpret the external world, whereas in __________, children create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely. A A) assimilation; accommodation B) equilibration; disequilib ration C) adaptation; organization D) acco mmodation; assimilation 77) According to Piaget, a ___________ is a means of building schemes in wh ich in fants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again. B A) sensorimotor response B) circu lar reaction C) mental representation D) goal-d irected behavior 78) One of the greatest drawbacks of the informat ion-processing approach is its difficulty with B A) breaking down children’s thoughts into precise procedures. B) integrating information into a broad, co mprehensive theory. C) analyzing cognition into its components. D) imp lementing rigorous research procedures.
79) According to Vygotsky, children master activ ities through A A) joint activ ities with more mature members of their society. B) interaction with the physical environment. C) operant conditioning and modeling. D) trial and error. 80) According to Vygotsky, ______________ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of mo re skilled partners. C A) transitive inference B) the dynamic systems approach C) the zone of pro ximal develop ment D) scaffold ing 81) In the form o f teaching known as scaffolding, as a child’s co mpetence increases, the adult B A) guides and supports the child by modeling the task. B) steps back, permitting the child to take mo re responsibility for the task. C) enters the zone of pro ximal development by taking over the child’s task. D) introduces the child to a new activ ity. 82) Research demonstrates that early make -believe play is B A) less frequent and rich in collectivists cultures than in individualistic cultures. B) the co mbined result of ch ildren’s read iness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it. C) usually init iated by toddlers rather than their parents or older siblings. D) discovered by toddlers independently, once they are capable of representational schemes. 83) Which of the following is true about make-believe play? C A) At the end of the second year, almost all play episodes are initiated by adults. B) Parents and teachers inhibit make-believe by participating with child ren. C) Make-believe is a major means through which children extend their cognitive skills and learn about important activities in their culture. D) Children who spent a great deal of time in make-believe play tend to be an xious and shy. 84) The goal o f mental testing is to D A) exp lain how children’s thinking changes over time. B) measure the process of cognition. C) show how the environ ment influences cognitive change. D) measure behaviors that reflect development and to arrive at scores that predict future performance. 85) The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development B A) emphasize only perceptual and motor responses. B) include a cognitive scale, a language scale, and a motor scale. C) show good long-term predict ions of childhood intellectual functioning. D) reflect the same aspects of intelligence assessed in adulthood. 86) Intelligence test scores of infants and toddlers often do not reflect their true ab ilities because A A) they easily become distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing. B) the tests emphasize verbal, conceptual, and problem-solving skills. C) the tests cannot be relied on for screening developmental p roblems. D) the tests only identify infants who are likely to be intellectually gifted as older children. 87) Because infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages, they are conservatively labeled _________________ rather than IQs. D A) perceptual quotients (PQs) B) habituation quotients (HQs) C) d istribution quotients (DQs) D) develop mental quotients (DQs) 88) Today, infant mental tests are largely used for C A) predict ing later intelligence. B) measuring higher-order cognitive skills. C) screening to help identify babies who are likely to have developmental problems. D) assessing memory, as well as quickness and flexib ility of thin king.
89) ____________ is a much better indicator than an early mental test score of how children will do later. A A) Warm, responsive parenting B) Organizat ion of the play environ ment C) Provision of appropriate p lay materials D) A high DQ score 90) Good quality child care B A) cannot compensate for the negative effects of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life. B) can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life. C) is the norm in the United States. D) is primarily availab le to low-SES families with young children. 91) Research on child care in the United States shows that C A) appro ximately 80 percent of child-care centers are of high-quality. B) all child-care workers are required to have at least 2 years of co llege education. C) only 20 to 25 percent of ch ild -care settings in the United States provide a level of care sufficient to promote healthy psychological development. D) settings providing the very worst care tend to serve low-SES families. 92) Which of the following is true about early intervention? B A) Early intervention programs increase IQ scores during the school years, but the gains are not sustained beyond middle childhood. B) The strongest effects of early intervention occur at sites that offer a mix of center- and home-based services. C) The U.S. Congress recently recognized the successes of early intervention and now fully funds all programs directed at low-inco me infants and toddlers. D) Even with early intervention, most children born into economically d isadvantaged families will not reach their fu ll potential. 93) Research showed that by age 3, children in Early Head Start A A) demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development. B) demonstrated an increase in aggression. C) experienced a “washout effect.” D) scored, on average, 15 points higher in IQ than children not enrolled in the intervention. 94) According to B. F. Skinner, language is acquired as the baby babbles and parents reinforce those sounds that are most like words. This is an example of B A) universal grammar. B) operant conditioning. C) classical conditioning. D) the nativist perspective. 95) According to some behaviorists, children rely on _________ to rapidly acquire co mplex utterances. C A) universal grammar B) innate sounds C) imitation D) interactions 96) Effo rts to teach language to nonhuman primates D A) prove that, with appropriate train ing, any animal can acquire a vocabulary of several dozen symbols. B) show that, after extensive training, chimpanzees using sign language can produce short sentences with greater consistency than a preschool child. C) have been comp letely unsuccessful because animals cannot learn even basic language. D) support Chomsky’s assumption that the capacity for elaborate grammar is unique to humans. 97) Research on language acquisition indicates that A A) childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition. B) sign language can be learned equally well at any age. C) language learning is optimal after brain lateralization has occurred. D) the right hemisphere of the brain is biased for language processing.
98) Social-interactionsts emphasize that B A) a language acquisition device helps children rapidly learn new words. B) ch ildren’s social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development. C) brain regions housing language also govern similar perceptual and cognitive abilities. D) a single system of grammar underlies all languages. 99) Bab ies A) B) C) D) everywhere start babbling at about the same age, but for babbling to develop further, D babies must be able to produce intonation patterns. the speech must be in the babies’ native language. it needs to be paired with rudimentary sign language. babies must be able to hear human speech.
100) Which of the following is supported by research on babbling? B A) Babies of d ifferent native languages differ widely in the range of early sounds that they produce. B) A deaf infant not exposed to sign language will stop babbling entirely. C) Deaf infants do not start babbling until much later than hearing infants. D) Deaf infants produce a range of early sounds similar to those of hearing infants.
CHAPTER 6
EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
USE A NEW SCANTRON:
1) According to Erikson’s theory, a mistrustful baby C A) protects herself by exploring the world. B) will reject her mother and look to other adults for comfo rt. C) protects herself by withdrawing fro m people and things around her. D) will develop a disorganized/disoriented attachment. 2) Stranger an xiety is C A) uncommon in well-adjusted toddlers. B) less likely if the unfamiliar adult p icks up the wary infant. C) less common in cu ltures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another. D) mo re co mmon in cultures where babies are frequently passed from on e adult to another. 3) Once wariness of strangers develops after 6 months, A A) babies use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to exp lore. B) other typical fears decline. C) the stranger’s style of interaction does little to co mfort babies. D) infants resist exploring new environments. 4) Research on maternal depression shows that D A) infants of depressed mothers have low levels of the stress hormone cortisol. B) it rarely has a lasting impact on the infant, unless it persists for more than a year. C) most mothers with depression require long-term t reatment for a full recovery. D) depressed mothers view their infants mo re negatively than independent observers do. 5) Which of the fo llo wing is true about paternal depression? A A) Paternal depression is linked to frequent father–child conflict as children gro w older. B) It rarely has a lasting impact on the infant, unless it persists for more than a year. C) Most fathers with depression require long-term treat ment for a full recovery. D) Early treat ment is quite effective for maternal, but not paternal, depression. 6) So me researchers claim that infants respond in kind to others’ emot ions through a fairly automatic process of B A) emotional self-regulation. B) emot ional contagion. C) social referencing. D) classical conditioning.
7) Infants use __________ by actively seeking emotional information fro m a trusted person in an uncertain situation. D A) self-control B) an internal working model C) emot ional self-regulation D) social referencing 8) In Erikson’s theory, the conflict of toddlerhood, _______________, is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices. D A) basic trust versus mistrust B) industry versus inferiority C) init iative versus guilt D) autonomy versus shame and doubt 9) According to Erikson, a mother who __________ is likely to pro mote autonomy in toddlerhood. A A) gives a child an ext ra five minutes to finish playing before they leave the park B) makes her son put away his toys immediately when asked C) p icks up her son’s toys, puts away his books, and makes his bed on a daily basis D) crit icizes her son whenever he incorrectly uses his fork or spoon 10) Adults who __________ may not have fully mastered the tasks of trust and autonomy during infancy and childhood. B A) establish deep intimate ties with others B) are overly dependent on a loved one C) have well-defined impu lse controls D) have a strong sense of individuality 11) Infants A) B) C) D) whose parents ___________ tend to be less fussy. C respond impatiently to their emot ional cues wait to intervene until the baby becomes agitated “read” and respond contingently and sympathetically to their emotional cues ignore negative emotion
12) ____________ is early-appearing, stable individual d ifferences in reactiv ity and self-regulation. A A) Temperament B) Distractibility C) Effort ful control D) Emot ional self-regulation 13) React ivity refers to the C A) regularity of body functions, such as sleep, wakefulness, and hunger. B) ease with wh ich a child adapts to changes in the environment. C) quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. D) intensity of stimulation required to evoke a response. 14) According to Tho mas and Chess’s research, __________ children are at h igh risk for an xious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle ch ildhood. D A) inhibited B) easy C) slo w-to-warm-up D) difficult 15) Heritability research indicates that genes ______________ to shyness and sociability. B A) do not contribute B) contribute only modestly C) contribute at least half D) contribute significantly 16) Overall stability of temperament is B A) very low. C) generally moderate to high. B) only low to moderate. D) very high.
17) Persistent nutritional and emot ional deprivation ___________ temperament. C A) has a low to moderate effect on B) is unrelated to stability in C) pro foundly alters D) is only slightly correlated with stability in
18) Research on temperament shows that C A) parents of difficu lt children often undermine the development of effortfu l control by ignoring maladaptive behavior. B) cu ltural context makes little d ifference in whether shy children adjust well or poorly. C) cu ltural values affect the fit between parenting and child temperament. D) Russian infants are less emotionally negative and fearful than U.S. infants. 19) Toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations fro m their parents B A) usually develop an insecure attachment to their parents. B) so metimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects, such as blankets and stuffed animals. C) are at-risk for d isorganized/disoriented attachment. D) may develop a secure attachment to their child-care provider but have trouble bonding with their parents. 20) Which of the following is supported by research on the stability of attach ment patterns between 1 and 2 years of age? B A) In lo w-SES families with many daily stresses, attachment generally moves fro m insecurity to security. B) Securely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than insecure babies. C) About 20 percent of disorganized/disoriented babies retain their classification over time. D) M iddle-SES babies with secure attachments are the least likely to maintain a stable attachment pattern. 21) Spit z’s study of institutionalized infants found that the babies experienced emotional difficulties because they were B A) abandoned by their mothers. B) prevented fro m forming a bond with one or a few adults. C) malnourished. D) ”late adoptees.” 22) Co mpared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive ___________ care. C A) disorganized/disoriented B) understimulating, inconsistent C) overstimulat ing, intrusive D) unresponsive 23) Infant characteristics do not show strong relationships with attachment quality because C A) temperament is not stable until middle to late childhood. B) most newborns easily form secure attachments with their primary caregivers. C) many child attributes can lead to secure attachment as long as the caregiver behaves sensitively. D) measuring the quality of the emotional bond between parents and their in fants is difficult. 24) Bab ies A) B) C) D) 25) develop attachments to C a single, special person. female careg ivers who feed them. a variety of familiar people. fathers only when their mothers are unavailable.
Research in d iverse cultures demonstrates that fathers’ B A) warmth contributes little to children’s long-term favorable development. B) sustained affectionate involvement protects children against a wide range of ch ildhood emotional and behavioral problems. C) p lay sensitivity predicts a resistant father–child attachment in adolescence. D) warmth pro motes short-term, but not long-term, favorable develop ment.
CHAPTER 8
EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
26) According to Erikson, once preschoolers have a sense of autonomy, they become less _______ than they were as toddlers. C A) playfu l B) industrious C) contrary D) purposeful 27) According to Erikson, one of the major functions of play is to allow children to D A) escape fro m the demands of their lives into a fantasy world. B) represent their unconscious wishes and desires symbolically . C) show their caregivers the things that are important to them. D) try out new skills with little risk of crit icis m or failure. 28) A lthough Freud’s ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development, Erikson’s image of _______ captures the diverse changes in young children’s emotional and social lives. C A) the superego B) mistrust C) init iative D) psychosexual stages 29) Adults A) B) C) D) can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by A adjusting their expectations to children’s capacities. only point ing out large mistakes. always giving them positive feedback, regardless of actual performance. only presenting them with easy tasks.
30) Emotional co mpetence D A) develops fro m repeated experiences with failure. B) results in a decline in self-conscious emotions. C) is influenced more by biology than the environment. D) is vital for successful peer relationships and overall mental health. 31) Research on emotional self-regulation demonstrates that B A) the frequency of emotional outbursts increases during the preschool years. B) preschoolers know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input. C) fears are unco mmon during the preschool years because young children have good self-regulatory skills. D) preschoolers do not yet understand that they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input. 32) Inhibit ing impu lses and shifting attention through _____________ are vital in managing emotion during early childhood. A A) effortfu l control B) parental redirection C) sensory stimu lation D) self-awareness 33) Preschoolers’ self-conscious emotions are C A) altruistic actions that benefit another person. B) independent of parental messages. C) clearly lin ked to self-evaluation. D) mo re intense in children whose parents regularly comment on how to improve perfo rmance. 34) Ch ild ren who are sociable and assertive are A A) mo re likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress. B) usually poor at regulat ing emotion. C) likely to show a rise in heart rate and lip b iting when they see a peer in distress. D) often overwhelmed by others’ distress.
35) When parents have an angry and punitive style, their children A A) are often less equipped to show sympathy for others. B) are likely to show sensitive concern for their peers’ feelings. C) tend to seek out peers in distress and offer comfort. D) show sympathy, but not empathy, when confronted with an upset classmate. 36) Which of the following is true about peer sociability in collectivist versus individualistic societies? B A) Children in collectivist cultures spend more t ime in parallel play than children in individualistic cultures. B) Ch ildren in collectiv ist societies are more willing to include a quiet, reserved child in play than child ren in indiv idualistic cultures. C) Ch ildren in individualistic cultures tend to play in larger groups than children in co llect ivist cultures. D) Children in collectivist cultures spend more t ime in joint make-believe p lay than children in individualistic cultures. 37) Four- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as B A) sharing thoughts and feelings. B) p leasurable play and sharing of toys. C) having an enduring quality based on mutual trust. D) dependent on caring for one another in times of need. 38) Research on friendships shows that D A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends. B) preschoolers give more reinforcement to nonfriends than to friends. C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust. D) the ease with which kindergarteners make new friends predicts behaviors linked to gains in achievement. 39) Research on parental influences on children’s peer sociability shows that C A) preschoolers whose parents frequently arrange informal peer p lay activities tend to exhibit weak social skills. B) parents tend to play more with children of the other sex. C) secure attachment to parents is linked to larger peer networks during the preschool years. D) the quality of play with fathers is more strongly linked to social co mpetence among girls than among boys. 40) Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child’s morality is D A) regulated by inner standards. B) mot ivated by a fear of retribution. C) driven by compassionate concern. D) externally controlled by adults. 41) Research reveals that inductive discipline B A) fails to provide children with informat ion about how to behave in fu ture situations. B) helps children notice others’ feelings and points out the effects of children’s misbehavior on others. C) d iscourages the development of empathy and sympathy. D) encourages children to comp ly with rules in order to avoid the loss of parental love. 42) Current research indicates that Freud was correct that A) children adopt the moral standards of their same-sex parent. B) guilt is an important motivator of mo ral action. C) ch ildren’s fear of punishment leads to the development of moral behavior. D) fear of the loss of parental love motivates conscience format ion. 43) According to social learn ing theorists, children learn to behave mo rally D A) largely through operant conditioning. B) because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced. C) because they feel empathy-based guilt. D) by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.
44) Frequent punishment B A) pro motes mo ral development and prosocial behavior. B) pro motes immediate co mpliance, but not lasting changes in behavior. C) is more co mmon with school-age children than with toddlers and preschoolers. D) produces lasting changes in child ren’s behavior. 45) Research on corporal punishment shows that spanking is D A) associated with a rise in problem behaviors regardless of the cultural context. B) v iewed by most Caucasian-American ch ildren as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind. C) a more effective form of discip line than time out, withdrawal of privileges, or induction. D) associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive. 46) Studies suggest that time out is useful as a disciplinary technique C A) because it involves withdrawal of parental love. B) only when co mbined with withdrawal of p riv ileges. C) when a child is out of control. D) only when a parent is angry enough to need a cooling-off period. 47) One strategy of positive discipline is B A) punishing children only as a last resort. B) reducing opportunities for misbehavior. C) allowing children freedo m fro m family routines and duties. D) using time out when children are obstinate. 48) In contrast to the psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches to morality, the cognitive-develop mental perspective D A) focuses on how child ren internalize standards of good conduct fro m adults. B) emphasizes forms of discip line that encourage and reward good conduct. C) encourages the use of corporal punishment to correct misbehavior. D) regards children as active thinkers about social rules. 49) Co mpared with siblings in typical families, preschool siblings who have crit ical, punitive parents are more A) passive toward one another. C B) likely to be shy and inhibited in social situations. C) verbally and physically aggressive toward one another. D) emotionally close to one another. 50) Highly aggressive children tend to B A) be only children. B) seek out deviant peer groups. C) do as well in school as their nonaggressive peers. D) be accepted by peers, but rejected by adults.
CHAPTER 10
EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
51) According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is D A) autonomy versus shame and doubt. B) basic trust versus mistrust. C) ego versus despair. D) industry versus inferio rity.
52) Beg inning in middle ch ildhood, child ren’s self-descriptions start to emphasize C A) specific behaviors and observable traits. B) industry over inferiority. C) both negative and positive characteristics. D) internal states and physical attributes. 53) As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in A A) feedback fro m close friends. B) parental attitudes. C) information fro m siblings. D) feedback fro m teachers. 54) Which of the following is true about cultural influences on self-esteem? D A) In academic self-judgments, boys have higher language arts self-esteem than girls. B) Boys exceed girls in self-esteem d imensions of close friendship and social acceptance. C) North A merican children score lower in self-esteem than Asian children. D) Asian children score lower in self-esteem than North American ch ildren. 55) Over t ime, the ability of __________ children no longer predicts their performance. D A) mastery-oriented B) low-SES C) h igh-SES D) learned-helpless 56) Co mpared to preschoolers, school-age children are more likely to exp lain emotion by referring to __________ than to __________. D A) observable characteristics; personality traits B) personality traits; psychological qualities C) external events; internal states D) internal states; external events 57) During middle childhood, children’s emotional understanding develops as they become aware that B A) others’ facial expressions indicate their feelings. B) people can feel mo re than one emotion at a t ime. C) pride and guilt p rimarily occur when adults are present. D) basic emotions are related to personal responsibility. 58) Appreciat ing mixed emotions helps children realize that A A) people’s expressions may not reflect their true feelings. B) negative emotions are more frequent than positive emot ions. C) positive and negative motions cannot be experienced simu ltaneously. D) tone of voice is a more accurate predictor of emotion than facial expressions. 59) Which of the following is true about emotional self-regulation in midd le childhood? B A) Problem-centered coping is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress. B) By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emot ion-centered coping. C) When outcomes are beyond their control, school-age children rely on problem-centered coping and seek social support. D) Young school-age children emphasize concern for others’ feelings more often than older child ren. 60) Which of the following is true about perspective taking? B A) Good perspective takers handle difficult social situations effectively but are inconsistent in their displays of empathy and sympathy. B) Ch ildren with poor social skills have great difficulty imagining others’ thoughts and feelings. C) Because school-age children are egocentric, they have difficulty understanding others’ viewpoints. D) While angry and aggressive children often mistreat adults and peers, they usually experience feelings of guilt and remorse when pro mpted by awareness of another’s viewpoint.
61) Which of the following is true about moral develop ment? C A) In middle ch ildhood, children typically say truth telling is always good and lying is always bad. B) In middle childhood, children primarily rely on reinforcement to acquire mo rally relevant behavio rs. C) By middle childhood, children have had time to internalize rules for good conduct, which leads them to become considerably more independent and trustworthy. D) While school-age children thin k about right and wrong, they usually copy their morality fro m others. 62) _______ usually decline(s) in middle ch ildhood. D A) Social co mparisons B) Understanding of social conventions C) A desire for equality D) Prejudice 63) Rejected-aggressive children are A A) deficient in perspective taking and emot ional self-regulation. B) passive and socially awkward. C) bullied more o ften than rejected-withdrawn children. D) accepted by boys but rejected by girls. 64) Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) ___________ style in the early years. B A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) permissive D) uninvolved 65) Which of the following statements is true about parent–child relationships in middle childhood? A A) When both parents are present, fathers engage in as much caregiv ing as mothers. B) Fathers spend more t ime than mothers with school-age children. C) While mothers are h ighly involved, fathers are mo re knowledgeable about children’s everyday activities. D) Fathers are mo re concerned than mothers with ensuring that children meet responsibilities in homework, after-school lessons, and chores. 66) Fifth and sixth graders describe _________ as the most influential people in their lives. C A) peers B) best friends C) parents D) siblings 67) Which of the following is supported by research on sibling rivalry? A A) Sib ling rivalry tends to be more frequent among siblings who are close in age. B) Sib ling rivalry is greater between brothers and sisters than among same-sex siblings. C) During the middle ch ildhood years, sibling rivalry tends to decrease. D) Sib ling rivalry often increases when siblings strive to be different fro m one another. 68) Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to child ren with siblings. D A) exh ibit h igher rates of antisocial behavior B) have lower self-esteem C) d isplay poorer social skills D) are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation 69) Which of the following is an accurate statement about divorce rates? D A) Russia now has the highest divorce rate in the world. B) Ch ildren of divorce spend an average of three years in a single-parent home. C) At any given time, one-third of U.S. children live in single-parent households. D) About two-thirds of divorced parents marry again. 70) Which of the following statements is true about the immediate consequences of divorce? A A) Family conflict often rises in newly d ivorced households as parents try to settle disputes over children and possessions. B) In the United States, a small minority of single mothers with young children live in poverty. C) About 70 percent of children in d ivorced families display problems. D) Contact with noncustodial fathers usually increases over time.
71) Noncustodial fathers who see their children only occasionally tend to take on a(n) __________ style of parenting. D A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) permissive 72) Which of the following is true about children’s temperament and sex d ifferences in adjustment to parental d ivorce? C A) Easy children are more often targets of parental anger and also cope less effectively with adversity. B) In mother-custody family arrangements, girls are at greater risk than boys for serious adjustment problems. C) Coercive maternal behavior and defiance on the part of sons are common in d ivorcing households. D) Girls receive less emotional support than boys from teachers and peers. 73) The overrid ing factor in positive adjustment following divorce is A A) shield ing the child fro m family conflict and using authoritative child rearing. B) ch ildren’s cognitive and social maturity. C) ch ildren’s relationships with extended family, teachers, and friends. D) court-mandated counseling for parents and children. 74) Beg inning in middle ch ildhood, a co mmon fear is C A) the dark. C) the possibility of personal harm. B) ghosts and goblins. D) thunder and lightning.
75) Elliott, age 11, is suddenly afraid to go to school. Which of the following is the best advice you can give to Elliott’s parents? D A) Allow him to stay home fro m school until he feels mo re co mfortable. B) Beco me mo re protective of h im by acco mpanying him to his classes. C) Lightheartedly point out that being afraid of going to school is not normal. D) Firmly insist that he return to school, and train him in how to cope with difficult situations.
CHAPTER 11
PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE
76) G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a A A) period so turbulent that it resemb les the era in which hu mans evolved from savages into civilized beings. B) t ime in which teenagers grasp scientific and mathematical principles and grapple with social and political issues. C) generally p leasant time o f life in wh ich the social environ ment is responsible for the range of teenage experiences. D) brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult ro les and responsibilities. 77) On average, g irls reach puberty C A) at appro ximately the same time as boys. C) 2 years earlier than boys. B) 2 months earlier than boys. D) 2 years later than boys.
78) Which of the following statements about adolescent physical fitness is true? C A) Activity rates of North A merican youths increase drastically fro m middle childhood to adolescence. B) The majo rity of North A merican teenagers are active enough for good health. C) Only about 40 percent of North A merican girls and 50 percent of boys are active enough for good health. D) Sports and exercise have little influence on cognitive or social develop ment.
79) Girls exposed to family conflict tend to reach menarche __________, whereas those with warm family ties tend to reach menarche __________. D A) relatively late; early B) on target; late C) at the same age as their mothers; earlier than their mothers D) early; relatively late 80) Threats to __________ health accelerate puberty, whereas threats to ___________ health delay it. A A) emotional; physical B) physical; social C) social; emotional D) physical; emotional 81) Which of the following statements about secular trends in pubertal development is true? B A) In industrialized nations, the age of menarche increased steadily fro m 1900 to 1970. B) In industrialized nations, the age of menarche declined steadily fro m 1900 to 1970. C) In No rth America and some European countries, rates of overweight and obesity rise sharply during puberty. D) In industrialized nations, the age of spermarche increased steadily fro m 1900 to 1970. 82) During puberty, the neurons become mo re responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters. As a result, adolescents C A) handle stressful events better than most adults. B) experience pleasurable stimu li less intensely, causing them to seek outside stimulation, such as illicit drugs. C) react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely. D) require less nightly sleep than school-age children and adults. 83) Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who C A) are older. B) are slightly younger. C) match their own level of bio logical maturity. D) mature later than they do. 84) The most common nutritional problem of adolescence is ______ deficiency. C A) calciu m B) protein C) iron D) zinc 85) ___________ is a tragic eating disturbance in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat. D A) Bulimia nervosa B) Addictive starvation C) Food insecurity D) Anorexia nervosa 86) Boys account for about _____ percent of cases of anorexia. B A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 87) Carlie engages in strict dieting and excessive exercise acco mpanied by binge eating, often followed by purging. Carlie suffers fro m A A) bulimia nervosa. B) food insecurity. C) maras mus. D) anorexia nervosa. 88) Co mpared to other cultures, North A merican adolescents have D A) very open sexual attitudes. B) a more open attitude toward homosexuality. C) little or no informat ion about sex. D) relatively restrict ive sexual attitudes. 89) About _______ percent of U.S. adolescents report having had sexual intercourse. B A) 25 B) 35 C) 50 D) 65
90) Research shows that many adolescents do not use contraception during sexual activ ity because they A A) fail to apply their reasoning skills to everyday situations. B) en joy the thrill of risky behavior. C) receive inaccurate information on pregnancy and STDs. D) are unable to determine the consequences of their actions. 91) Which of the following statements is true? A A) Attraction to members of the same sex is not limited to teens who identify as gay or lesbian. B) Most homosexual adolescents are gender deviant in dress and behavior. C) About 85 percent of adolescents who report having engaged in homosexual acts identify as homosexual. D) Researchers have yet to identify a lin k between heredity and homosexuality. 92) Which of the following statements is true about the spread of STDs, including AIDS? D A) It is at least five times as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male. B) It is at least five times as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to infect a female. C) It is just as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to in fect a female. D) It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male. 93) Teenage pregnancies are a far greater prob lem today than several decades ago because C A) most public schools teach abstinence only, which does little to prepare teens for safe sex. B) the stig ma of teenage parenthood is much worse and many couples refuse to adopt the baby of a teenage mother. C) adolescents are far less likely to marry before ch ildbirth, increasing the negative consequences for both mother and baby. D) most adolescents lack the knowledge and resources to protect themselves from u nwanted pregnancies. 94) Which of the following statements is true of teenage mothers? D A) Most experience serious birth co mplications. B) Most receive state-mandated child support payments from the father. C) They are less likely to divorce if they do marry. D) They have a 30 percent likelihood of dropping out of high school. 95) Which substance do American adolescents experiment with most during high school? B A) cigarettes B) alcohol C) marijuana D) cocaine 96) By the end of high school, 50 percent of teenagers have experimented with illegal drugs. These numbers D A) are most likely inaccurate since adolescent drug users rarely ad mit to their behavior. B) show a substantial increase since the mid-1990s, despite greater focus on the hazards of drug use. C) show that drug use has changed little since the mid-1990s, despite increased focus on the hazards of drug use. D) represent a substantial decline since the mid-1990s, probably resulting fro m increased focus on the hazards of drug use. 97) According to Piaget, around age 11, young people enter the formal operational stage of development, in which they D A) are strongly motivated to experiment with new memo ry strategies. B) require concrete things and events as objects of thought. C) cannot separate the effects of variables in p roblem solving. D) are able to co me up with new, general logical ru les through internal reflection. 98) Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development C A) can only operate on reality. B) cannot “operate on operations.” C) no longer require concrete things and events as objects of thought. D) cannot yet come up with general logical ru les through internal reflect ion.
99) Kia, age 14, uses hypothetic-deductive reasoning. Therefore, she probably A A) makes predictions about variables that might affect an outcome and then deduces logical, testable inferences fro m that hypothesis. B) starts with what she knows, conducts observations, and revises her approach to problem solving. C) cannot yet think of alternatives when her predictions about an outcome are not confirmed. D) is strongly motivated to identify and experiment with new memo ry strategies, although she may not yet use new strategies effectively. 100) The primary factor that prevents college students and adults fro m displaying fo rmal operational thin king in some situations is that A A) they do not have enough experience and practice in using such reasoning. B) they fail to use memory strategies effectively. C) this kind of th inking is not especially useful in our society. D) there is a cultural stigma associated with formal operations.
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