Freud's

1. Describe Freud's views of personality structure. his belief that the mind is mostly hidden. Below the surface is this large unconscious region in which unacceptable passions and thoughts lurk. Freud believed we repress, or forcibly block, these unconscious feelings and ideas from awareness because admitting them would be too unsettling.

2. Explain Freud's view of conflict and describe how defense mechanism operant. proposed that the ego distorts reality in an effort to protect itself from anxiety. Defense mechanism achieves this goal by disguising threatening impulses and preventing them from reaching consciousness.

3. Differentiate the following theories of personality: humanistic, trait, and social.
Trait is a characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in a certain way, as assessed by self-reports on a personality test and social-cognitive perspective: views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context.

4.Define all of the defense mechanisms and gave an example.
The 6 defense mechanism are repression: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness an example is. Regression: psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to an earlier stage of development an example is a face with a mild stressor on it. Reaction formation: psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, we may express feelings that are the opposite of our anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings an example is when you dislike someone one minute then you like the person. Projection: psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which we disguise our own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Rationalization: psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, but more threatening, unconscious reasons for our actions. Displacement: psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

1. List the criteria for judging whether a behavior is classified as a psychological disorder.
Table 12.2

2. Describe the system used to classify psychological disorders and explain the reason for its development.
DSM-IV-TR: the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently available in an updated, text-revised fourth edition.

3. List and define each class of disorders. psychological disorder: deviant (atypical), distressful, and dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. anxiety disorders: psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. generalized anxiety disorder: an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. panic disorder: an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

4. Discuss the symptoms of schizophrenia and possible cause.
Some positive symptoms are people may have hallucinations or talk in disorganized and deluded ways. They may laugh or cry or lash out in rage at inappropriate times and some negative symptoms are people may have toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies. Because schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders, these varied symptoms may have more than one cause.