Effects of Urban Crime on the Urban Environment
EFFECTS OF URBAN CRIME ON THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Technical Paper by: Ms. Adit Padhi (aditipadhi@gmail.com)
“Greater concern about terrorism places new opportunities before the design community. If protection is considered from the outset, design can make buildings and people safer.”1 Introduction Violent crime was the issue of the nineties, while terrorism has become the talk at the onset of 21st century. Understanding crime prevention design is therefore an invaluable tool in organization and maintenance of order in our societies. Planner and sociologist Duncan describes “ a social problem as a recurrent condition that has been defined by influential groups as a deviation from social standards.”2 When a social deviance exceeds group definition it becomes a crime. Urban environment and urban crime Robert Gold in his article “ Urban violence and contemporary defensive spaces” indicates that CRIME was always widespread during periods of the past. He argues that violent crime has been increasing at an alarming pace, in large metropolitan areas. “Urban environment and violent behavior
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Design and form of the urban environment may directly control violence. The residential areas, for example, may be selected by a criterion of distance from populations with real or assumed tendencies to commit violence, or individual buildings or entire communities can be “fortified” by crime-control features with social aesthetic values subordinated or entirely eliminated. Design and form of the urban environment may invite violence. Historical background of Urban Crime Preventive Design Historical responses to crime in the cities of the past are varied, and can be described from the middle-ages to the present as “a sequence of changing defensive parameters.”4. The early Chinese had municipal administrations, the Hebrews had policing and Medieval Europe, had its walled cities. As the cities grew larger, a demand for new forms of protection increased. The city of PARIS and its
Technical Paper by: Ms. Adit Padhi (aditipadhi@gmail.com)
“Greater concern about terrorism places new opportunities before the design community. If protection is considered from the outset, design can make buildings and people safer.”1 Introduction Violent crime was the issue of the nineties, while terrorism has become the talk at the onset of 21st century. Understanding crime prevention design is therefore an invaluable tool in organization and maintenance of order in our societies. Planner and sociologist Duncan describes “ a social problem as a recurrent condition that has been defined by influential groups as a deviation from social standards.”2 When a social deviance exceeds group definition it becomes a crime. Urban environment and urban crime Robert Gold in his article “ Urban violence and contemporary defensive spaces” indicates that CRIME was always widespread during periods of the past. He argues that violent crime has been increasing at an alarming pace, in large metropolitan areas. “Urban environment and violent behavior
3
Design and form of the urban environment may directly control violence. The residential areas, for example, may be selected by a criterion of distance from populations with real or assumed tendencies to commit violence, or individual buildings or entire communities can be “fortified” by crime-control features with social aesthetic values subordinated or entirely eliminated. Design and form of the urban environment may invite violence. Historical background of Urban Crime Preventive Design Historical responses to crime in the cities of the past are varied, and can be described from the middle-ages to the present as “a sequence of changing defensive parameters.”4. The early Chinese had municipal administrations, the Hebrews had policing and Medieval Europe, had its walled cities. As the cities grew larger, a demand for new forms of protection increased. The city of PARIS and its
Bibliography: 1. Oscar Newman, Community Of Interest, New York, ( p. 1980), 3. Robert a. Dentler. P. 1977. Urban problems perspectives and solutions. Chapter 1 The Nature Of Urban Community. 4. Crime free housing by Poyner, Barry and Webb Barry, p. 1985 5. Can sound urban planning help reduce urban crime and violence? By Mitchell J. Rycus , professor of urban planning at the university of Michigan, USA Publications at Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning www.tcaup.umich.edu/publications/pubs.html (29th jan 2002 @ 1:30 am) 6. Crime prevention through environmental design by robert a. Gardner, cp www.vcnet.com/expert/library/cpted.html (29 jan 2002 @ 1:30 am) th 7. The history of Utopia : the chronology of nowhere, book :Utopias- j.c.davis 8. Vol. 12 Crimes Of Violence, Task Force On Individual Acts Of Violence,(Report To National Commision On Causes And Prevention Of Violence ,P. 1969 Washington Government Printing Office – Chapter 16, Urban Violence And The Design And Form Of The Urban Environment By Robert Gold Reprinted In (P. 1970 ) Cities Fit To Live In. Chp 1: Urban Violence And Contemporary Defencive Cities. By Robert Gold 9. Safe Cities: Guidelines For Planning Design, And Management By Gerda R. Wekerle And Carolyn Whitzman P. 1995 (International Thompson Publishing Inc.) 10. Crime Prevention Throgh Environmental Design- Application Of Architectural Design And Space Management, By Timothy Crowe P. 2000 By National Crime Prevention Institute. 11. Article: Design With Fear, Progressive Architecture 1985 By Thomas Vonier Aia 12. Article: Terrorism And Architecture, Journal Of The Indian Institute Of Architects Oct 2001 By Ashok Iyer