Dinoflagellate Bloom
Review of Dinoflagellate Bloom in term athropological effect and biogeographic range.
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are common and abundant to the marine and estuarine system, it were characterized by the 2 flagella that are located on the girdle and sulcus. The girdle grooves divides the body into 2 parts, in which its orientation, size and shape can be used to indentify them in morphological taxonomy. Toxic dinoflagellates are known to cause diarhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), and Ciguateria shellfish poisoning (CSP), hepatotoxicity, and toxicity to the marine fauna. Thus their bloom is harmfull to the ecosystem and to human health. Dinoflagellates can bloom by the natural means, but this occurance can be advance by the anthropogenic nutrient from the agriculture, aquaculture and animal farming industry, the change in the N: P ratio also encourages the dinoflagellates to overcompete the other algal species. Dinoflagellates distribution is limited to the biogeographical range of each species, there are 3 common distribution of dinoflagellates with the example of tropical and subtropical distribution of Pyrodinium bahamese, mid to high latitude distribution of Alexandrum catenella, that have a diverse distribution ranging from temperate to tropical water of Prorocentrum lima.
Introduction
Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) is an algal bloom which causes environmental problem includes the loss of seagrass habitats, coral reef degradation, death of marine mammal, red tides, fish kill, and outbreak of shellfish poisoning(Masó & Garcés, 2006). This phenomena were mainly caused by either the production of toxins or in the method where the cell physical structure or their congregated biomass can affect the organism and alter the food web dynamics(Anderson et al., 2002). HAB can occur without any anthropogenic intervention; this occurrence has been noted by James Cook and George Vancouver describing
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are common and abundant to the marine and estuarine system, it were characterized by the 2 flagella that are located on the girdle and sulcus. The girdle grooves divides the body into 2 parts, in which its orientation, size and shape can be used to indentify them in morphological taxonomy. Toxic dinoflagellates are known to cause diarhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), and Ciguateria shellfish poisoning (CSP), hepatotoxicity, and toxicity to the marine fauna. Thus their bloom is harmfull to the ecosystem and to human health. Dinoflagellates can bloom by the natural means, but this occurance can be advance by the anthropogenic nutrient from the agriculture, aquaculture and animal farming industry, the change in the N: P ratio also encourages the dinoflagellates to overcompete the other algal species. Dinoflagellates distribution is limited to the biogeographical range of each species, there are 3 common distribution of dinoflagellates with the example of tropical and subtropical distribution of Pyrodinium bahamese, mid to high latitude distribution of Alexandrum catenella, that have a diverse distribution ranging from temperate to tropical water of Prorocentrum lima.
Introduction
Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) is an algal bloom which causes environmental problem includes the loss of seagrass habitats, coral reef degradation, death of marine mammal, red tides, fish kill, and outbreak of shellfish poisoning(Masó & Garcés, 2006). This phenomena were mainly caused by either the production of toxins or in the method where the cell physical structure or their congregated biomass can affect the organism and alter the food web dynamics(Anderson et al., 2002). HAB can occur without any anthropogenic intervention; this occurrence has been noted by James Cook and George Vancouver describing