Deforestation
Deforestation
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For other uses, see Deforestation (disambiguation).
Satellite photograph of deforestation in progress in the Tierras Bajas project in eastern Bolivia.
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.[1] Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.
More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests.[2] Contents * 1 Causes * 2 Environmental problems * 3 Economic impact * 4 Forest transition theory * 5 Historical causes * 6 Industrial era * 7 Control * 8 Military context * 9 See also * 10 References * 11 External links |
The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed.[not in citation given][neutrality is disputed] However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area[not in citation given]—in conformance with sustainable forestry practices—is correctly described as regeneration harvest.[3] In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.[4] Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.[5][6]
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation has also been used in war to deprive an enemy of cover
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Deforestation (disambiguation).
Satellite photograph of deforestation in progress in the Tierras Bajas project in eastern Bolivia.
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.[1] Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.
More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests.[2] Contents * 1 Causes * 2 Environmental problems * 3 Economic impact * 4 Forest transition theory * 5 Historical causes * 6 Industrial era * 7 Control * 8 Military context * 9 See also * 10 References * 11 External links |
The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed.[not in citation given][neutrality is disputed] However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area[not in citation given]—in conformance with sustainable forestry practices—is correctly described as regeneration harvest.[3] In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.[4] Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.[5][6]
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation has also been used in war to deprive an enemy of cover
References: 3. ^ SAFe.net Dictionary|Definition For [regeneration_cut(ting)]. Dictionary of forestry.org (2008-08-14). Retrieved on 2011-05-15. 4. ^ Oliver, C.D. (1980). "Forest Development in North America following major disturbances". For. Ecol. Management 3: 153–168. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(80)90013-4. 5. ^ a b c d e Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica". Geology 38 (12): 1079–1082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. 6. ^ Patel-Weynand, Toral (2002) Biodiversity and sustainable forestry: State of the science review. The National Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry, Washington DC 7 8. ^ "Use Energy, Get Rich and Save the Planet", The New York Times, April 20, 2009 9 10. ^ a b Arild Angelsen, David Kaimowitz (February 1999). "Rethinking the causes of deforestation: Lessons from economic models". The World Bank Research Observer, 14:1. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–98. 11. ^ Laurance, William F. (December 1999). "Reflections on the tropical deforestation crisis". Biological Conservation, Volume 91, Issues 2–3. pp. 109–117. 12. ^ Helmut J. Geist And Eric F. Lambin (February 2002). "Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation". BioScience 52 (2): 143–150. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0143:PCAUDF]2.0.CO;2. 13. ^ Burgonio, T.J. (January 3, 2008). "Corruption blamed for deforestation". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 15. ^ "Global Deforestation". Global Change Curriculum. University of Michigan Global Change Program. January 4, 2006. 16. ^ a b Alain Marcoux (August 2000). "Population and deforestation". SD Dimensions. Sustainable Development Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 17. ^ Butler, Rhett A. "Impact of Population and Poverty on Rainforests". Mongabay.com / A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 18. ^ Jocelyn Stock, Andy Rochen. "The Choice: Doomsday or Arbor Day". Retrieved May 13, 2009. 21. ^ Butler, Rhett A. "Human Threats to Rainforests—Economic Restructuring". Mongabay.com / A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 22. ^ Susanna B. Hecht, Susan Kandel, Ileana Gomes, Nelson Cuellar and Herman Rosa (2006). "Globalization, Forest Resurgence, and Environmental Politics in El Salvador". World Development 34 (2): 308–323. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.09.005. 23. ^ a b Pearce, David W (December 2001). "The Economic Value of Forest Ecosystems". Ecosystem Health 7 (4): 284–296. doi:10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.01037.x. 24. ^ Erwin H Bulte; Mark Joenje; Hans G P Jansen (2000). "Is there too much or too little natural forest in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica?". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30 (3): 495–506. doi:10.1139/x99-225. 25. ^ Butler, Rhett A. and Laurance, William F. (August 2008). "New strategies for conserving tropical forests". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23 (9): 469–472. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.05.006. 26. ^ a b c Rudel, T.K. 2005 "Tropical Forests: Regional Paths of Destruction and Regeneration in the Late 20th Century" Columbia University Press ISBN 0-231-13195-X 27 31. ^ Clearing Forests May Transform Local—and Global—Climate; Researchers are finding that massive deforestation may have a profound, and possibly catastrophic, impact on local weather March 4, 2013 Scientific American 32 33. ^ a b Philip M. Fearnside1 and William F. Laurance, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION AND GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS, Ecological Applications, Volume 14, Issue 4 (August 2004) pp. 982–986 34 40. ^ Findell, Kristen L.; Thomas R. Knutson (2006). "Weak Simulated Extratropical Responses to Complete Tropical Deforestation". Journal of Climate 19 (12): 2835–2850. doi:10.1175/JCLI3737.1. 41. ^ S. Wertz-Kanounnikoff, L. Ximena Rubio Alvarado, Bringing 'REDD ' into a new deal for the global climate, Analyses, n° 2, 2007, Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations. 42. ^ a b "How can you save the rain forest. October 8, 2006. Frank Field". The Times (London). October 8, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2010. 43. ^ Broeker, Wallace S. (2006). "Breathing easy: Et tu, O2." Columbia University 44 48. ^ China 's floods: Is deforestation to blame? BBC News. August 6, 1999 49 52. ^ Rainforest Biodiversity Shows Differing Patterns, ScienceDaily, August 14, 2007 53 54. ^ Single-largest biodiversity survey says primary rainforest is irreplaceable, Bio-Medicine, November 14, 2007 55 62. ^ Rainforest Facts. Rain-tree.com (2010-03-20). Retrieved on 2010-08-29. 63. ^ Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin, 1996, The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind, Anchor, ISBN 0-385-46809-1 64 67. ^ Pimm Stuart L, Russell Gareth J, Gittleman John L, Brooks Thomas M (1995). "The future of biodiversity". Science 269 (5222): 347–341. doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.347. PMID 17841251. 69. ^ Sohn, Emily. "More extinctions expected in Amazon". Discovery. Retrieved July 13, 2012. 70. ^ Nature loss 'to hurt global poor ', BBC News, May 29, 2008 71 73. ^ Deforestation Across the World 's Tropical Forests Emits Large Amounts of Greenhouse Gases with Little Economic Benefits, According to a New Study at CGIAR.org, December 4, 2007 74 78. ^ Meyfroidt, P., Lambin, E.F. 2011. Global Forest Transition: Prospects for an End to Deforestation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 36: 343-371 79 80. ^ a b Flannery, T (1994). The future eaters. Melbourne: Reed Books. ISBN 0-7301-0422-2. 81. ^ Brown, Tony (1997). "Clearances and Clearings: Deforestation in Mesolithic/Neolithic Britain". Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16 (2): 133. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00030. 84. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2007. 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