Comm1

UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
OPEN CAMPUS, ST. AUGUSTINE
FURTHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME

UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
OPEN CAMPUS, ST. AUGUSTINE
FURTHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME

The Evolution of forms of Human Communication

TUTOR: Mr. John Pierre
NAME: Dareem Blizzard
ID: S20120222388

The Evolution of forms of Human Communication

TUTOR: Mr. John Pierre
NAME: Dareem Blizzard
ID: S20120222388

Table of Contents
History of Photography……………………….3
History of the Camera………………………..5
Timeline of Photography Technology………6
Conclusion…………………………………...13
Appendix…………………………………….14
Bibliography…………………………………17

History Of Photography
The history of photography commenced with the invention and development of the camera and the creation of permanent images starting with Thomas Wedgwood in 1790 and culminating in the work of the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826. The coining of the word “Photography” has been attributed in 1839 to Sir John Herschel based on the Greek phos, (genitive: orke) meaning “light”, and graphê, meaning “drawing, writing”, together meaning “drawing with light”.
However, in 1832, a little-known French-Brazilian inventor Hércules Florence studied ways of permanently fixing camera obscura images, which he named “photographia”. He never published results of his invention adequately. Because he was an obscure inventor living in a remote and undeveloped province, Florence was never recognized internationally as one of the inventors of photography.
Technological Background: * Photography is the result of combining several different technical discoveries. * Long before the first photographs were made, Chinese philosopher Mo Ti and Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965 in Basra – c. 1040 in Cairo) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera, Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–80) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius (1516–71) discovered silver chloride. Daniel Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1568. Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. The novel Giphantie (by the French Tiphaigne de la Roche, 1729–74) described what could be interpreted as photography.
Development of Chemical Photography
Thomas Wedgwood is credited with a major contribution to photography and technology, for being the first man to think of and develop a method to copy visible images chemically to permanent media. Sometime in the 1790s, Wedgwood devised a repeatable method of chemically staining an object’s silhouette to paper by coating the paper with silver nitrate and exposing the paper, with the object on top, to natural light, then preserving it in a dark room. The establishment of this repeatable process was, essentially, the birth of photography as we know it today. Wedgwood thus became one of the earliest experimenters in photography – and certainly the earliest who deserves the title of “photographer”, conceiving of prints as pictures. The oldest surviving permanent photograph of the image formed in a camera was created in 1826 or 1827 by the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce but in 1833 Niépce died of a stroke, leaving his notes to Louis Daguerre who was in a partnership with him at the time. More interested in silver-based processes than Niépce had been, Daguerre experimented with photographing camera images directly onto a silver-surfaced plate that had been fumed with iodine vapor, which reacted with the silver to form a coating of silver iodide. On 7 January 1839, Daguerre announced this first complete practical photographic process to the French Academy of Sciences, and the news quickly spread. At first, all details of the process were withheld and specimens were shown only to a trusted few. Arrangements were made for the French government to buy the rights in exchange for pensions for Niépce’s son and Daguerre and then present it to the world (with the de facto exception of Great Britain) as a free gift. Complete instructions were published on 19 August, 1839.

History of the Camera
The history of the camera can be traced much further back than the introduction of photography. Photographic cameras evolved from the camera obscura, and continued to change through many generations of photographic technology, including daguerreotypes, calotypes, dry plates, film, and digital cameras. Photographic cameras were a development of the camera obscura, a device dating back to the ancient Chinese and ancient Greeks, who used a pinhole or lens to project an image of the scene outside upside-down onto a viewing surface and it was also used as an aid to drawing which was recommended In 1558 by Giovanni Batista della Porta. Artist using camera obscura to trace an image. View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, 1826.
Timeline of Photography Technology
 ancient times: Camera obscuras used to form images on walls in darkened rooms; image formation via a pinhole
 16th century: Brightness and clarity of camera obscuras improved by enlarging the hole inserting a telescope lens
 17th century: Camera obscuras in frequent use by artists and made portable in the form of sedan chairs
 1727: Professor J. Schulze mixes chalk, nitric acid, and silver in a flask; notices darkening on side of flask exposed to sunlight. Accidental creation of the first photo-sensitive compound.
 1800: Thomas Wedgwood makes “sun pictures” by placing opaque objects on leather treated with silver nitrate; resulting images deteriorated rapidly, however, if displayed under light stronger than from candles.
 1816: Nicéphore Niépce combines the camera obscura with photosensitive paper
 1826: Niépce creates a permanent image
 1834: Henry Fox Talbot creates permanent (negative) images using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution. Talbot created positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper.
 1837: Louis Daguerre creates images on silver-plated copper, coated with silver iodide and “developed” with warmed mercury; Daguerre is awarded a state pension by the French government in exchange for publication of methods and the rights by other French citizens to use the Daguerreotype process.
 1841: Talbot patents his process under the name “calotype”.
 1851: Frederick Scott Archer, a sculptor in London, improves photographic resolution by spreading a mixture of collodion (nitrated cotton dissolved in ether and orken) and chemicals on sheets of glass. Wet plate collodion photography was much cheaper than daguerreotypes, the negative/positive process permitted unlimited reproductions, and the process was published but not patented.
 1853: Nadar (Felix Toumachon) opens his portrait studio in Paris
 1854: Adolphe Disderi develops carte-de-visite photography in Paris, leading to worldwide boom in portrait studios for the next decade
 1855: Beginning of stereoscopic era
 1855-57: Direct positive images on glass (ambrotypes) and metal (tintypes or ferrotypes) popular in the US.
 1861: Scottish physicist James Clerk-Maxwell demonstrates a color photography system involving three black and white photographs, each taken through a red, green, or blue filter. The photos were turned into lantern slides and projected in registration with the same color filters. This is the “color separation” method.
 1861-65: Mathew Brady and staff (mostly staff) covers the American Civil War, exposing 7000 negatives
 1868: Ducas de Hauron publishes a book proposing a variety of methods for color photography.
 1870: Center of period in which the US Congress sent photographers out to the West. The most famous images were taken by William Jackson and Tim O’Sullivan.
 1871: Richard Leach Maddox, an English doctor, proposes the use of an emulsion of gelatin and silver bromide on a glass plate, the “dry plate” process.
 1877: Eadweard Muybridge, born in England as Edward Muggridge, settles “do a horse’s four hooves ever leave the ground at once” bet among rich San Franciscans by time-sequenced photography of Leland Stanford’s horse.
 1878: Dry plates being manufactured commercially.
 1880: George Eastman, age 24, sets up Eastman Dry Plate Company in Rochester, New York. First half-tone photograph appears in a daily newspaper, the New York Graphic.
 1888: First Kodak camera, containing a 20-foot roll of paper, enough for 100 2.5-inch diameter circular pictures.
 1889: Improved Kodak camera with roll of film instead of paper
 1890: Jacob Riis publishes How the Other Half Lives, images of orkent life in New ork City
 1900: Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera introduced.
 1902: Alfred Stieglitz organizes “Photo Secessionist” show in New York City
 1906: Availability of panchromatic black and white film and therefore high quality color separation color photography. J.P. Morgan finances Edward Curtis to document the traditional culture of the North American Indian.
 1907: First commercial color film, the Autochrome plates, manufactured by Lumiere brothers in France
 1909: Lewis Hine hired by US National Child Labor Committee to photograph children working mills.
 1914: Oscar Barnack, employed by German microscope manufacturer Leitz, develops camera using the modern 24x36mm frame and sprocketed 35mm movie film.
 1917: Nippon Kogaku K.K., which will eventually become Nikon, established in Tokyo.
 1921: Man Ray begins making photograms (“rayographs”) by placing objects on photographic paper and exposing the shadow cast by a distant light bulb; Eugegrave;ne Atget, aged 64, assigned to photograph the brothels of Paris
 1924: Leitz markets a derivative of Barnack’s camera commercially as the “Leica”, the first high quality 35mm camera.
 1925: André Kertész moves from his native Hungary to Paris, where he begins an 11-year project photographing street life
 1928: Albert Renger-Patzsch publishes The World is Beautiful, close-ups emphasizing the form of natural and man-made objects; Rollei introduces the Rolleiflex twin-lens reflex producing a 6x6 cm image on rollfilm.; Karl Blossfeldt publishes Art Forms in Nature
 1931: Development of strobe photography by Harold (“Doc”) Edgerton at MIT
 1932: Inception of Technicolor for movies, where three black and white negatives were made in the same camera under different filters; Ansel Adams, Imogen Cunningham, Willard Van Dyke, Edward Weston, et al, form Group f/64 dedicated to “straight photographic thought and production”.; Henri Cartier-Bresson buys a Leica and begins a 60-year career photographing people; On March 14, George Eastman, aged 77, writes suicide note—“My work is done. Why wait?”—and shoots himself.
 1933: Brassaï publishes Paris de nuit
 1934: Fuji Photo Film founded. By 1938, Fuji is making cameras and lenses in addition to film.
 1935: Farm Security Administration hires Roy Stryker to run a historical section. Stryker would hire Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, et al. to photograph rural hardships over the next six years. Roman Vishniac begins his project of the soon-to-be-killed-by-their-neighbors Jews of Central and Eastern Europe.
 1936: Development of Kodachrome, the first color multi-layered color film; development of Exakta, pioneering 35mm single-lens reflex (SLR) camera
 World War II: * Development of multi-layer color negative films * Margaret Bourke-White, Robert Capa, Carl Mydans, and W. Eugene Smith cover the war for LIFE magazine
 1947: Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Capa, and David Seymour start the photographer-owned Magnum picture agency
 1948: Hasselblad in Sweden offers its first medium-format SLR for commercial sale; Pentax in Japan introduces the automatic diaphragm; Polaroid sells instant black and white film
 1949: East German Zeiss develops the Contax S, first SLR with an unreversed image in a pentaprism viewfinder
 1955: Edward Steichen curates Family of Man exhibit at New York’s Museum of Modern Art
 1959: Nikon F introduced.
 1960: Garry Winogrand begins photographing women on the streets of New York City.
 1963: First color instant film developed by Polaroid; Instamatic released by Kodak; first purpose-built underwater introduced, the Nikonos
 1970: William Wegman begins photographing his Weimaraner, Man Ray.
 1972: 110-format cameras introduced by Kodak with a 13x17mm frame
 1973: C-41 color negative process introduced, replacing C-22
 1975: Nicholas Nixon takes his first annual photograph of his wife and her sisters: “The Brown Sisters”; Steve Sasson at Kodak builds the first working CCD-based digital still camera
 1976: First solo show of color photographs at the Museum of Modern Art, William Eggleston’s Guide
 1977: Cindy Sherman begins work on Untitled Film Stills, completed in 1980; Jan Groover begins exploring kitchen utensils
 1978: Hiroshi Sugimoto begins work on seascapes.
 1980: Elsa Dorfman begins making portraits with the 20x24” Polaroid.
 1982: Sony demonstrates Mavica “still video” camera
 1983: Kodak introduces disk camera, using an 8x11mm frame (the same as in the Minox spy camera)
 1985: Minolta markets the world’s first autofocus SLR system (called “Maxxum” in the US); In the American West by Richard Avedon
 1988: Sally Mann begins publishing nude photos of her children
 1987: The popular Canon EOS system introduced, with new all-electronic lens mount
 1990: Adobe Photoshop released.
 1991: Kodak DCS-100, first digital SLR, a modified Nikon F3
 1992: Kodak introduces PhotoCD
 1993: Founding of photo.net (this Web site), an early Internet online community; Sebastiao Salgado publishes Workers; Mary Ellen Mark publishes book documenting life in an Indian circus.
 1995: Material World, by Peter Menzel published.
 1997: Rob Silvers publishes Photomosaics
 1999: Nikon D1 SLR, 2.74 megapixel for $6000, first ground-up DSLR design by a leading manufacturer.
 2000: Camera phone introduced in Japan by Sharp/J-Phone
 2001: Polaroid goes bankrupt
 2003: Four-Thirds standard for compact digital SLRs introduced with the Olympus E-1; Canon Digital Rebel introduced for less than $1000
 2004: Kodak ceases production of film cameras
 2005: Canon EOS 5D, first consumer-priced full-frame digital SLR, with a 24x36mm CMOS sensor for $3000; P

Conclusion
Photography is now one of the widely sought after hobbies and one of the leading “money making” industries. For many enthusiasts, photography is just an escape from the daily horrors of the world but for others, like me, photography is LIFE. Heart, soul, blood, sweat and tears are poured out into every image produced by the pressing of a single button which causes a chain reaction which does not stop at the camera, but at an art gallery, museum, magazine, newspaper or every photographer’s main goal, a billboard. The photography is not only one of the most popular but one of the hardest as well. Seasoned photographers usually take on apprentices, guiding them along the wide roads of desolate planet bringing them closer to the narrower, overcrowded streets. A photograph is just simply not to gawk at, but to feel the emotions encompassing it, to visualize the story unfolding before you and to share that experience with others.

Appendix

First Scanned Image into a computer, 1957. First Colour Image produced by Maxwell, 1861.

19th Century Photographer’s Studio, 1893. Photo by Louis Ducos du Hauron, a French pioneer of color photography, 1877.

Photos done by Dareem Blizzard,
© Rogue Studios, 2012
© 2012 D.Blizzard Photography
© League of Super Models
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