Classification Test for Organic Halides
CLASSIFICATION TESTS FOR ORGANIC HALIDES
James Anand L. Regala, Sabrina Nicolle G. Sarte, Ann Michelle Siao,
Michael Sibulo, Victoria Tan
Group 8 2C Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory
ABSTRACT
This experiment is done to classify organic halides. Most organic halides are synthetic and are not flammable. One way to classify organic halides is by classifying its -carbon atom as primary, secondary or tertiary. If the -carbon is attached to one R group, it is then primary. If the -carbon is attached to R groups, it is then secondary, and if attached to 3 R groups, it is then said to be tertiary. But this is only applicable if the -carbon is tetragonal or sp3 hybridized. Another way of classifying organic halides is by differentiating its SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. SN1 is a substitution reaction and the rate is determined by the organic halide and the nucleophile. SN1 is also a two-step reaction. First, the halide moves out. Then, the nucleophile approaches and binds with the alkyl group. SN2 is also a substitution reaction. But, instead of a two-step reaction, SN2 is only a one-step reaction. Its rate is determined by both the organic halide and the nucleophile. Several organic halide were used to complete this experiment.
INTRODUCTION
An alkyl halide is another name for a halogen-substituted alkane. The carbon atom, which is bonded to the halogen atom, has sp3 hybridized bonding orbitals and exhibits a tetrahedral shape. Due to electronegativity differences between the carbon and halogen atoms, the σ covalent bond between these atoms is polarized, with the carbon atom becoming slightly positive and the halogen atom partially negative. Halogen atoms increase in size and decrease in electronegativity going down the family in the periodic table. Therefore, the bond length between carbon and halogen becomes longer and less polar as the halogen atom changes from fluorine to iodine. [1]
The Beilstein test is a simple chemical test used in chemistry as a
James Anand L. Regala, Sabrina Nicolle G. Sarte, Ann Michelle Siao,
Michael Sibulo, Victoria Tan
Group 8 2C Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory
ABSTRACT
This experiment is done to classify organic halides. Most organic halides are synthetic and are not flammable. One way to classify organic halides is by classifying its -carbon atom as primary, secondary or tertiary. If the -carbon is attached to one R group, it is then primary. If the -carbon is attached to R groups, it is then secondary, and if attached to 3 R groups, it is then said to be tertiary. But this is only applicable if the -carbon is tetragonal or sp3 hybridized. Another way of classifying organic halides is by differentiating its SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. SN1 is a substitution reaction and the rate is determined by the organic halide and the nucleophile. SN1 is also a two-step reaction. First, the halide moves out. Then, the nucleophile approaches and binds with the alkyl group. SN2 is also a substitution reaction. But, instead of a two-step reaction, SN2 is only a one-step reaction. Its rate is determined by both the organic halide and the nucleophile. Several organic halide were used to complete this experiment.
INTRODUCTION
An alkyl halide is another name for a halogen-substituted alkane. The carbon atom, which is bonded to the halogen atom, has sp3 hybridized bonding orbitals and exhibits a tetrahedral shape. Due to electronegativity differences between the carbon and halogen atoms, the σ covalent bond between these atoms is polarized, with the carbon atom becoming slightly positive and the halogen atom partially negative. Halogen atoms increase in size and decrease in electronegativity going down the family in the periodic table. Therefore, the bond length between carbon and halogen becomes longer and less polar as the halogen atom changes from fluorine to iodine. [1]
The Beilstein test is a simple chemical test used in chemistry as a
References: [1] http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Introduction-to-Alkyl-Halides.topicArticleId-23297,articleId-23251.html [2] http://kimiagar2010.blogspot.com/2010/04/beilstein-test-for-aliphatic-halide.html [3] http://chemistry.gravitywaves.com/CHE301/Alkyl%20Halide%20Classification%20Tests.htm Laboratory Manual in Organic Chemistry