Chem 121
Chapter 14 Lecture Outline
Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organic Compounds that Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
Four families of compounds that contain a C atom singly bonded to O, S, or X (F, Cl, Br, or I) are: 1. Alcohols, which contain an OH (hydroxyl) group
2. Ethers, which have two alkyl groups bonded to an O atom
2
Organic Compounds that Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
3. Alkyl halides, which contain a halogen atom X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I)
4. Thiols, which contain a SH (sulfhydryl) group
3
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (OH) group.
•Alcohols are classified by the number of C atoms bonded to the C with the OH group.
A primary (1o) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 1 C atom.
1o
4
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
A secondary (2o) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 2 C atoms.
2o
3o
A tertiary (3o) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 3 C atoms.
5
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•An alcohol contains an O atom with a bent shape like H2O, with a bond angle of 109.5o.
•Alcohols have two polar bonds, C—O and O—H, with a bent shape, therefore it has a net dipole.
6
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Alcohols have an H atom bonded to an O atom, making them capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
•All of these properties give alcohols much stronger intermolecular forces than alkanes and alkenes.
7
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Therefore, alcohols have higher boiling and melting points than hydrocarbons of comparable size and shape.
stronger intermolecular forces higher boiling and melting point
8
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Alcohols are soluble in organic solvents. •Low molecular weight alcohols (6 C’s or less) are soluble in water. •Higher molecular
Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organic Compounds that Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
Four families of compounds that contain a C atom singly bonded to O, S, or X (F, Cl, Br, or I) are: 1. Alcohols, which contain an OH (hydroxyl) group
2. Ethers, which have two alkyl groups bonded to an O atom
2
Organic Compounds that Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
3. Alkyl halides, which contain a halogen atom X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I)
4. Thiols, which contain a SH (sulfhydryl) group
3
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (OH) group.
•Alcohols are classified by the number of C atoms bonded to the C with the OH group.
A primary (1o) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 1 C atom.
1o
4
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
A secondary (2o) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 2 C atoms.
2o
3o
A tertiary (3o) alcohol has an OH group on a C bonded only to 3 C atoms.
5
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•An alcohol contains an O atom with a bent shape like H2O, with a bond angle of 109.5o.
•Alcohols have two polar bonds, C—O and O—H, with a bent shape, therefore it has a net dipole.
6
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Alcohols have an H atom bonded to an O atom, making them capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
•All of these properties give alcohols much stronger intermolecular forces than alkanes and alkenes.
7
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Therefore, alcohols have higher boiling and melting points than hydrocarbons of comparable size and shape.
stronger intermolecular forces higher boiling and melting point
8
Structure and Properties of Alcohols
•Alcohols are soluble in organic solvents. •Low molecular weight alcohols (6 C’s or less) are soluble in water. •Higher molecular