Chapter 23 of History

CHAPTER 23: AMERICA and the GREAT WAR
A. THE ROAD TO WAR (p612-6)
“Total war “entire resources and population mobilized towards the war effort, taking priority over everything else. Also involves going against the entire population of the enemy, not just its military.
“war to end all wars” WWI said to be this because it was so horrible; it involved so many countries and terrible new weapons and had an incredible casualty statistics that people were sure this would be the very last war.
“To make the world safe for democracy” Wilson went to Congress to ask for declaration of war. He was implying that Germany and Central Powers were a threat to democracy everywhere and that the US should enter in order to stop them.
Imperialism was one main causes of WWI. It is when a larger country extends its power and influence by ruling other countries. Because the UK was very powerful, Germany felt very competitive and wanted to be just as powerful.
Nationalism Pride and patriotism in one’s nation. In WWI it became aggressive and caused a great deal of international tension. It also sparked WWI when Archduke was killed by a Serbian nationalist.
Mobilization is the act of assembling and preparing for war.
Belligerents are groups, people, or nations who act aggressively by engaging in war. Germany was a belligerent because it, and Austro-Hungary were the first to attack after the Archduke was assassinated. Germany also started submarine warfare.
Neutral When a country, person, group, etc. stays impartial to all sides during a war.
Unterseeboot aka U-boats.Submarines created by Germans and used to challenge UK by trying to stem flow of supplies to it.
Unrestricted submarine warfare when naval submarines sink ships that carry supplies or tankers without warning. Tactic used by Germans during the war.
Pacifists, interventionists, isolationists pacifists oppose war and violence. Interventionists are those who intervene with affairs of a foreign country. Isolationists are those who want little relations with foreign countries. Americans belonged to all three categories so it took a while for the US to go to war and was the cause of propaganda movement.
“Peace without victory.”Wilson’s address in January 1917 presented a plan for postwar order where the US would help maintain peace with a league of nations to construct a new world order. It meant that after the war was over, there would be peace because nobody would win the war. He based his Fourteen Points based on this speech.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and said to be the spark of WWI because he was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist during his trip to Bosnia.
Emperor Francis Joseph II Ruler of Austro-Hungary during WWI
Kaiser Wilhelm II Ruler of Germany during WWI
Czar Nicholas II was the last Emperor or Russia. Ruler of Russia during WWI and was imprisoned during Bolshevik Revolution.
King George VKing of U.K. during WWI
Woodrow Wilson was resident of US during WWI. At first he was reluctant for US to enter but soon asked Congress for declaration saying US should enter for democracy. After WWI ended, he appeared before Congress to present his Fourteen Points which were very idealistic proposals for international conduct to maintain peace and democracy. When he presented Treaty of Versailles to Senate, it insisted on changes but he refused and the Senate wouldn’t approve so he went on frenzy appeal to the public and ended up suffering a stroke.
Charles Evan Hughes was the Republican candidate for presidency in the 1916 election against Woodrow Wilson and lost with smallest margins in US history.
Theodore Roosevelt was a belligerent who wanted the US to defend its “honor” and economic interests by entering WWI against Central Powers and supported Charles Evan Hughes. He despised Woodrow Wilson.
Edward House was Wilson’s most powerful advisor and personal friend. He had an enormous personal influence on him. When House insisted that Wilson make more modifications in his covenant of the League of Nations, Wilson angrily refused and the long relationship ended.
The Great War 1914-1918 WWI was known as this during this time because it was the deadliest and most horrible war yet and people did not know there would be another world war.
Triple Entente One of the two great, competing alliances that linked Britain, France, and Russia.
Triple Alliance One of the two great, competing alliances that linked Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy.
Sarajevo June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated on visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia by Serbian nationalist. This sparked the war because Germany joined Austro-Hungary to punish Serbia, and Serbians called Russia to help. Because of the Alliances (mainly Triple Entente and Triple Alliance), more and more countries joined.
Allied Powers Side in WWI with Britain, France, Russia, and Italy.
Central Powers Side in WWI with Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.
Lusitania May 1915 German submarine sank this British passenger liner using the unrestricted submarine warfare tactic and killed 1,198 people, 128 of them American. This increased tension between US and Germany.
Sussex March 1916 Germans attacked unarmed French steamer, again resulting in injury of American passengers. It further increased tension between US and Germany.
Election of 1916 was between Democrat Wilson and Republican Charles Evan Hughes. Wilson’s slogan became, “He kept us out of war,” which may have helped him to win the election because Charles Evan Hughes was more likely to lead the nation into war. Wilson ultimately won the election by one of smallest margins in US history.
Zimmermann Telegram Jan 1917 The British gave Wilson an intercepted telegram from German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to Mexico that proposed that if the US joins the war against Germany, the Mexicans should help Germany, and in return, they would help Mexico regain their “lost provinces”. Widely publicized, it became a spark for the US to enter the war.
Russian Revolution Mar 1917 Revolution in which Czar, the emperor was overthrown and the monarchy was replaced with a new republican government. It allowed the US to enter without embarrassment of allying with a monarchy.
Declaration of War April 2/6, 1917 Wilson appeared before joint session of Congress and asked for a declaration of war in which he said the US should enter for democracy, rights and liberties of small nations, and to make world peaceful with new international order after the war would be over. Declaration of war was passed on April 6.
B. “WAR WITHOUT STINT” (p624-9)
Convoy system when merchant ships sailing in groups are protected by armed vessels. This was a response to submarine warfare. The US aided British navy and merchant vessels. Americans also helped sow anti-submarine mines which dramatically reduced sinkings of Allied ships. The system also helped US to protect its own soldiers en route to Europe.
ConscriptionCompulsory enlistment for military service.
Conscientious objector is someone who claims the right to refuse required military service on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, and/or religion.
“doughboys” is an informal term for an American soldier during WWI.
Trench warfare In WWI, both sides dug elaborate trench systems. The area between opposing trench lines known as "no man's land" was fully exposed to artillery fire from both sides. This type of warfare was really slow because the trenches provided a lot of defense and when soldiers would die, even more would enter from the rear, as well as more supplies. Conditions were horrific; soldiers were covered with lice and prone to serious infections. It was cold, wet, and muddy. It caused a lot of psychological problems in soldiers.
“Over There” was a popular song during WWI. It was a popular patriotic song and it referred to the place of war as “over there”.
Women’s Auxiliary Corps was the women’s branch of the US Army. This was the first time women were permitted to enlist in the military. They served crucial auxiliary roles in hospitals, offices, and as drivers.
Armistice is when during a war both parties agree to stop fighting. It doesn’t necessarily mean complete end of war.
“The 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month” WWI ended on November 11th, 1918.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin came out as the leader of the new Russian government after the Bolshevik Revolution. He negotiated a hasty peace with Central Powers to withdraw from the war in early 1918.
Newton D. Baker Secretary of war during WWI who decided with Wilson that the only way to recruit enough soldiers was with a national draft and helped with passage of Selective Service Act.
Gen. John G. Pershing was in command of the American Expeditionary Force.
Bolshevik Revolution Nov 1917was a revolution in which the temporary government that came from the previous revolution was overthrown and taken by local soviets. It was followed by the creation of the Soviet Union.
Treaty of Brest-Utovsk Mar 1918was the peace treaty between Russia and Central Powers marking its exit from WWI.
American Expeditionary Force was made up of the Selective Service Act recruitments and voluntary recruitments. It was under command of Gen. Pershing. It was the most diverse force it had thus assembled with women and black soldiers.
Selective Service Act May 1917 allowed federal government to assemble a national army for the US to enter the war with conscription. All males aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service. The draft brought nearly 3 million men.
Houston Riot Aug 1917A group of black soldiers got tired of continuous abuse by Houston community and used military weapons to kill seventeen whites. As a result, 13 black soldiers were hanged, and 40 were sentenced to life in military jails.
Belleau Wood Jun-Jul 1918 Germany trying to get to Paris, battle in which U.S. steps in and stops them really close to Paris
St. Mihiel Sep 1918 was the first attack by the AEF in which it helped push the Germans back.
Meuse-Argonne Sep-Nov 1918 a battle that lasted 7 weeks in which the AEF helped push Germans back to border and had cut its major supply lines.
November 11, 1918 Germany facing invasion of its country, sought an armistice to which the Allies agreed and WWI ended.
C. THE WAR AND AMERICAN SOCIETY (p629-632)
Herbert Hoover When Belgium faced a food crisis, Hoover led the Commission for Relief in Belgium and fed the entire nation with his efficient organization of domestic food supplies
Bernard Baruch was placed in control of the War Industries Board. He decided which factories would convert to the production of which war materials and set prices. He was providing the centralized regulation of the economy. He helped major industries earn enormous profits. He openly expressed himself as the partner of business.
Liberty Bonds the US government sold these to the public to raise a lot of money quickly for the war. It raised $23 billion of the $32 billion it appropriated. People who bought it would get their money back with interest.
War Industries Board Jul 1917was created in effort to rationalize the economy to coordinate government purchases of military supplies. It was placed in control of Bernard Baruch. It possessed powers greater than any govt. agency had ever had. It was less important to meet its war needs than the extent of American resources and productive capacities.
War Labor Board Apr 1918was established to resolve labor disputes and pressured industry to grant workers eight-hour days, minimal living standards, equal pay for women doing equal work, and in return it insisted that workers forgo all strikes.
Ludlow Massacre Apr 20, 1914In Ludlow, CO, workers walked out of coal mines and continued striking. The state militia was called to protect the mines, but it attacked workers and in battle, 39 people died.
“The Great Migration” Migration where hundreds of thousands of blacks migrated from rural South into northern industrial cities. The push was poverty, indebtedness, and racism in the South. The pull was the opportunity for more freedom and jobs. As the black communities expanded, they began to rub up on white neighborhoods, increasing racial tension.
East St. Louis Race Riot Jul 2, 1917a white mob attacked a black neighborhood, burned down houses, and shot residents. About 40 blacks did.
Women’s Trade Union League was an organization to help women organize labor unionsand eliminate sweatshop conditions. The WTUL played an important role in campaigning for women's suffrage and in reforming women's working conditions in the early 20th century.
Hammer v. Dagenhart(1918) was a Supreme Court case involving Congress’s power on child labor laws. The Court held regulation of child labor in products that may never enter interstate commerce, to be beyond the power of Congress. This was the only case where the Keating-Owen Act was nullified. D. THE SEARCH FOR SOCIAL UNITY (pp. 632-636)

Peace movement This movement was mainly made up of women who were against the war. It also pertained to African Americans’ rights, and women’s rights in the work force. Revivalism refers to a revival of a religion that was growing and became a source of support for the war. propaganda war/censorship refers to the government effort to rally public support in which it distributed pro-war literature, posters, etc.
"the great dissenter" nickname for Oliver W. Holmes Jr. because he had many opinions that disagreed with previous expressions.
"The life of the law has not been logic, it has been experience."Philosophy of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. that said law is not made but discovered. The growth of civilization is what causes the discovery of laws to govern its people.
"clear and present danger" Came out of Shenck vs. US which meant that one isn’t protected by First Amendment if shouting “Fire!” in a crowded movie theater.
"free trade in ideas" idea that countries make what they’re good at making or make things with resources they have access to and countries trade. This is good for everyone’s economy by being more efficient.
Vigilantism A group who takes act of a law enforcer without actual legal authority to do so. During WWI there were many groups who acted like authorities by reporting and spying on neighbors for anti-war acts.
"liberty cabbage" and "liberty sausage" campaign to purge society of all things German led to sauerkraut being renamed cabbage and Frankfurters renamed sausage.
Carrie Chapman Catt a leader of the fight for woman suffrage helped create the Woman’s Peace Party which tried to keep the US from intervening. After the US entered the war and most people advocated for the war, Catt abandoned the peace cause and began calling for woman suffrage.
Billy Sunday was the leading revivalist who dropped early opposition to intervention and became a big leader for supporting war effort. He spoke before up to 20,000 people at a time and combined religious themes with positions on social issues.
George Creel A Denver journalist who directed the Committee on Public Information who spoke openly of the importance of achieving social unity. He encouraged reports to exercise “self-censorship”.
Hiram Johnson Senator of CA who said: “You shall not criticize anything or anybody in the Government any longer or you shall go to jail,” in a disapproving way.
Oliver Wendell Holms Jr. was a US Supreme Court Assoc. Justice and one of the most cited due to his decision in favor of The US in Schenck vs US due to “clear and present danger”. In Abram vs. US, he contradicted himself in decision in Schenck by saying US did violate freedom of speech. He also wrote The Common Law about common law in the US.
Women's Peace Party 1915 led by Carrie Chapman Catt advocated to keep the US from war. It had small membership.
National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. The largest women’s organization who supported the war and presented itself as a patriotic organization dedicated to advancing the war effort. Its membership grew dramatically as a result.
Committee on Public Information 1917 led by George Creel, directed the vast propaganda campaign. It distributed pro-war literature, war posters, encouraged reporters to exercise “self-censorship”, presented Germans as cruel, and ran ads that urged citizens to notify the Justice Department if they encounter anti-war people.
Espionage Act 1917 prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with recruitment.
Sabotage Act 1918 Forbade obstruction of the US war effort by destroying property or interfering with the production or shipment of military supplies. It was largely aimed at radical labor unions who might strike to block war production.
Sedition Act 1918 extended the Espionage Act to include prohibition of speech and expression that went against the government, its selling of bonds, or the war effort.
Schenck v. United States 1919 was a Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case established the "clear and present danger" test.
Abrams v. United States 1919 decision of the Supreme Court involving the First Amendment and an amendment to the Espionage Act which made it a crime to hinder the progress of the war. Decision ruled in favor of US.
American Protective League A group of citizens who chose “respectable” members of their communities to serve as agents who spied on neighbors to root out disloyalty. It was the largest of such groups with 250,000 people.
E. THE SEARCH FOR A NEW WORLD ORDER (pp. 636-640)
Wilsonianism refers to Wilson’s ideological ideas about foreign policy that were for democracy, intervention, and opposed isolationism. This originated from Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
"national self-determinism" Wilson said in his Fourteen Points that groups of people dominated by other groups would get to make their own countries.
Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights.
Reparations and demilitarized zones Reparation is paying back money to those who have been wronged. The US got $9 billion from Germany in reparations. Demilitarized zones are areas usually between two sides where military activity isn’t allowed.
"war guilt" clause was a clause in the Treaty of Versailles that put all responsibility of causing the war on Germany. The Allies had Germany pay for their war debt in order to weaken Germany from causing another war. mandate systemcreated by the League of Nations, established by the treaties ending World War I. Under this system, the League was given responsibility for governing former German and Ottoman territories as mandates. The goal was to develop each mandate toward eventual independence.
Henry Cabot Lodge Republican Senator who led the opposition against the Versailles Treaty, League of Nations, and the 14 Points proposed by Woodrow Wilson.
Edith Wilson Wife of Woodrow Wilson who is said to have acted as president during Wilson’s illness.
Fourteen Points Jan 1918 a speech given by Wilson to Congress intended to assure that WWI was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace. People in Europe generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George and Vittorio Orlando) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism.
Election of 1918 (C) Congress became Republican in both the House and the Senate, thus leaving Wilson with little power causing the “New World Order” to be defeated.
Paris Peace Conference 1919 was the meeting of the Allies after WWI to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. It had diplomats from more than 32 countries. They met, discussed, and developed a series of treaties for the post-war world.
"The Big Four" The “big” countries who attended the Paris Peace Conference - Italy, US, France, and U.K.
League of Nations Jan 1919 An international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference. Its mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals included preventing war through collective security and disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration.
Treaty of Versailles Jun 1919 it ended WWI; Germany had to accept blame for the war, got rid of armed forces in other countries, settled boundaries, and settled reparations.
Pueblo, CO Sept 1919 Wilson had a stroke here during his a speaking tour to gather support for the entry of the US into the League of Nations
F. A SOCIETY IN TURMOIL (pp. 640-646)
Reconversion and demobilization
“... there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody anywhere, any time." Quote by Governor of Boston Calvin Coolidge who said that the police shouldn’t be striking with public safety on hand, ever.
"Rising expectations" After black soldiers came back from WWI, they expected better legal and social treatment due to experience of better treatment with European soldiers.
Black nationalism Pride in African heritage mainly encouraged by Marcus Garvey.
Communism/radicalism
Conspiracy There were bombs exploding all over the nation sometimes at the same time throughout different cities implying a national conspiracy by radicalists
Anarchist One who is against having government.
"Normalcy" Pre-world war mentality
Calvin Coolidge was governor of Boston who called in the National Guard during Boston Police Strike.
Marcus Garvey Jamaican who inspired blacks to have pride in their African heritage and encouraged back nationalism. He created the United Negro Improvement Association that launched chain of black-owned businesses. He was deported back to Jamaica but Black Nationalism lived long after he left and died.
A. Mitchell Palmer His home was damaged by bombs from radicals. He orchestrated the Palmer Raids.
J. Edgar Hoover assistant of Mitchell Palmer who helped direct the Palmer Raids.
Felix Frankfurter was appointed counsel to a commission by Wilson to resolve major strikes threatening war production. He investigated the 1916 Preparedness Day Bombing in SF and argued that radical leader Thomas Mooney had been framed and required a new trial.
Warring G. Harding Ohioan senator who was the Republican nominee for president in Election of 1920. He had no ideals but a vague promise of a return to normalcy. He won and became President.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was Democratic candidate for president during Election of 1920 who tried to keep Wilson’s ideals alive.
Boston Police Strike Sep 1919 Boston police force had a strike in response to wage cuts and layoffs. Boston erupted in violence with the police force gone. Finally the National Guard was called to restore order and Boston dismissed entire police force and hired a new one.
Great Steel Strike Sep 1919 350,000 steelworkers in several cities walked off the job, demanding an 8-hour day and recognition of their union. Employers hired armed guards to disperse picket lines and escort strikebreakers into factories. The strike collapsed by January.
Great Coal Strike Sep 1919 strike in which coal workers in coal mines across the nation striked for better conditions and wages
Chicago race Riot summer 1919 started when black teenager was stoned to death. Blacks marched into white neighborhoods; whites marched into black neighborhoods.
United Negro Improvement Association Created by Marcus Garvey, it launched a chain of black-owned grocery stores. It was known for its mass rallies and parades, opulent uniforms, and for growth of its enterprises.
The Red Scare The rounding up and deportation of several hundred immigrants of radical political views by the federal government. This “scare” was caused by fears of subversion by communists after the Russian Revolution.
Red Scare During this, several hundred immigrants were rounded and deported due to radical political views, by the federal government in 1919. This “scare” was caused by fears of subversion by communists after the Russian Revolution.
Russian Revolution Nov 1917 revolution where Bolshevik party overthrew the provisional government and became leaders of the government themselves. After this, the Bolshevik revolution signed the Brest-Litovsk Treaty to withdraw from WWI.
Communist International (Comintern) 1919 Purpose was to export revolution around the world. Modest # existed in the US.
American Communist Party 1919 Marxist political party in the US.
Palmer Raids 1919-1920 attempts to arrest and deport radicals, especially anarchists, from the US. The raids and arrests were under the leadership of Attorney Mitchell Palmer. More than 500 foreign citizens were deported.. The Palmer Raids occurred in context of the Red Scare.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case 1920-1927 were anarchists who were convicted of murdering two men. After a controversial trial the two Italian immigrants were executed. Highly politicized dispute over whether or not the trials were fair.
Nineteenth Amendment 1920 Legalized women to vote
Election of 1920 (P) Democrats nominated Governor James M. Cox; the Republicans chose Senator Warren G. Harding, another Ohio newspaper publisher. To help his campaign, Cox chose future President Franklin D. Roosevelt as his running mate. Harding campaigned against Wilson, calling for a return to "normalcy". He won a landslide victory.
Gitlow v. New York (1925) Using the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment, Gitlow extended First Amendment rights to the state level