In a large, sexually reproducing population, the frequency of an allele changes from 0.6 to 0.2. From this change, one can most logically assume that, in this environment,…
The pattern of inheritance is not the same for males and females (there are no females with white eyes). This is strong evidence for sex linkage.…
One problem with this research is that it was a lab experiment so the conditions were artificial. This means it lacks ecological validity as it doesn’t reflect real life situations. However, the research does have high internal validity because it measured what they hypothesised and it is possible to repeat the experiment.…
The hypothesis of the fruit fly mating experiment was that when placing homozygous recessive virgin female fruit flies in a mating tube with two homozygous males of each wing type, vestigial and wild type, the resulting offspring would fit the Hardy Weinberg theory that the offspring types would be split equally between homozygous recessive vestigial winged offspring and heterozygous wild type winged offspring. This predicted result did not occur. 79% of the offspring produced were heterozygous wild type, leaving only 21% of the offspring produced homozygous recessive. There are a number of reasons that this could have occurred. The original homozygous dominant wild type winged parent fruit fly’s had far greater ranges of movement, speed, agility, and prowess compared to the homozygous recessive vestigial winged parent fruit flies. Due to their shriveled non-functioning wings, they had greatly decreased movement, and therefore, in theory, had a much lower mating success rate. Another theory as to the resulting number of heterozygous dominant wild type offspring produced could be due to the females selecting a more physically admirable mate. If given the option, organisms in nature do their best to find the mate with the best observable features to produce the most viable offspring with the greatest reproductive success. The parent homozygous recessive vestigial female fruit fly’s could have tried to mate with the parent homozygous dominant wild type males and not the competing parent homozygous recessive vestigial males, in the attempt to produce offspring with a greater survival rate and…
77) Assume that genes A and B are linked and are 50 map units apart. An animal heterozygous at both loci is crossed with one that is homozygous recessive at both loci. What percentage of the offspring will show phenotypes resulting from crossovers? If you did not know that genes A and B were linked, how would you interpret the results of this…
Research Question: How does the colour of a guppy affect the population size with 30…
5. Place the first vial on its side and gently transfer 5 male and 5 female flies into your new vial.…
The meaning of this p-value is that the there is a difference between the observed and the expected genotype numbers. This signifies that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not included in the population of the experiment, which means that it is evolving. It is important to use the population data for the entire course of biology 213 rather than the individual classes because the sample size of the population will be small. Having the course-wide data can be analyzed and interpreted with better results because there will be a higher evidence if the HWE are met. There is evidence of selection because each phenotype gene had a variety of frequencies and alleles. A study was conducted to see if black mice or albino mice can taste the bitterness of the PTC (Lush 1986). The results that were concluded was that each type of mouse consumed the PTC had a variation of bitterness. Some mice were able to taste it, but some weren’t (Lush 1986). Depending on the mouse and on their capacity to taste bitterness is what determined their ability to taste the PTC (Lush 1986). An error that could have occurred in the experiment was that some students didn’t record their results or some of the samples were not exact. In order to improve the results, supervision can be applied to make sure that students actually record their analysis. This experiment…
[12] Heffernan, J.M., Smith, R.J., Wahl, L.M. (2005). Perspectives on the Basic Reproductive Ratio. J R Soc Interface 2(4), 281-293.…
determine their sex and determine whether or not they have a mutation. Data will be collected…
Looking at all of the fruit flies, there is no possible way for the parent flies to be homozygous. If the parent flies were homozygous, both the F1 and the F2 phenotypes would be the same holding a 1:1ratio, instead of the 9:3:3:1 ratio that was observed. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the F1 genotype of fruit fly traits using the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation and to express these results of the unknown cross through a Chi-square model. After taking data with the Chi-squared value of 5.64, the degrees of freedom were 3 and the p-value was between .05 and .2, it is confident to fail to reject the null hypothesis, which leads the experimenters to believe that the observed phenotypic ratio does significantly deviate from that expected under the assumption of Mendelian inheritance. In the future, exploring more complex animals other than fruit flies, such as mammals or reptiles, would make this experiment a little more difficult, but more interesting as well. Without Mendelian genetics, it would be much more difficult to predict traits in organisms across the living…
One argument the AMA makes is, “humans cannot be substituted for animals in studies where an inbred strain is essential” (681). This is an undeniable truth. It is a fact that this research cannot be done with humans, since it is not possible for humans to be bred like that. Another point the AMA makes is that, “the issue is not what has not been accomplished by animal use in biomedical research, but what has been accomplished” (682). This refutation invalidates the opposition, and reminds the audience of the other side of animal use in research, which is purely beneficial for the human race.…
Twin studies are, “comparisons of identical (monozygotic) twins to fraternal or nonidentical (dizygotic) twins.” These studies are mainly to contribute to hereditary effects and also estimate heritability. Scientists and researchers look toward twin studies to debate the nature versus nurture on childhood. For many years scientists have tried to study twins to see if genetics and/or environment influence individuals. Sir Francis Galton (one of the first scientists to conduct twin studies) studied influential genetics are on intelligence, more than a century ago. Galton also suggested that children get their intelligence from parents. “Identical twins have the same genetic construction. So, by studying identical twins who were brought up in different environments, “scientists can see the impact of genes on development.” For fraternal twins, scientists study the impact of outside environment on the children’s personalities (Bryner, 2006).…
One of the major issues that a researcher of nature vs. nurture dilemma encounters is determining how much influence genes and environment have on traits (Santrock, 2009). It is somewhat difficult to determine whether a trait is formed through heredity or from the environment (Ceci & Williams, 2000). One way in which researchers go about the process is by studying twins. Researchers study the behavioral similarities between identical twins and that of fraternal twins. Fraternal twins are no more genetically alike than regular brothers and sisters while identical twins are…
A major flaw of using twin and family studies however, is that the participants are often still sharing the same environment, which could have more of an influence than the shared genes. Nevertheless, the findings from adoption studies, which don’t have the issue of shared environment still show similar results, suggesting that genes but play a significant role. Moreover, a flaw with the research by Gershon is the limited sample size, as he only reviewed ten families, suggesting that results may be unreliable and we may not be able to generalise the findings to a wider population.…