biology definitions completed worksheet

Definitions
Alpha glucose- is an isomer. The hydroxyl group is attached facing down and away from the main structure.

Beta glucose- is an isomer except the hydroxyl group is attached above the ring and on the first carbon.

Fructose- a sugar of the hexose class, and is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

Sucrose- Sucrose is a sugar, the organic compound commonly known as table sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar or, usually, just sugar.

Galactose- is a monosaccharide sugar that is less sweet than glucose and fructose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose. Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose found in hemicellulose.

Lactose- is a disaccharide sugar derived from galactose and glucose that is found in milk.
Maltose- is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α bond, formed from a condensation reaction. The isomer isomaltose has two glucose molecules linked through an α bond.

Amylose- Amylose is a spiral polymer made up of D-glucose units. This polysaccharide is one of the two components of starch, making up approximately 20-30% of the structure. The other component is amylopectin, which makes up 70–80% of the structure.

Amylase- an enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars.

Condensation- is water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it.

Hydrolysis- the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Monosaccharide- any of the class of sugars (e.g. glucose) that cannot be hydrolysed to give a simpler sugar.

Dissacharide- any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.

Monomer- a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Polymer- a substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.
Triose- any of a group of monosaccharide sugars whose molecules contain three carbon atoms.

Pentose- any of the class of simple sugars whose molecules contain five carbon atoms, such as ribose and xylose. They generally have the chemical formula C5H10O5.

Hexose- any of the class of simple sugars whose molecules contain six carbon atoms, such as glucose and fructose. They generally have the chemical formula C6H12O6.

Isomer- each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

Ribose- a sugar of the pentose class which occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleosides and several vitamins and enzymes.

Deoxyribose- a sugar derived from ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen.

Glycosidic- type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
Starch- (or amylum) is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.

Glycogen- Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi.

Cellulose- an insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibres such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.

How cellulose is formed by repeated condensation of beta glucose molecules.

Condensation involves the removal of water, so ion the process of joining two sugars, one water molecule is formed.
Cellulose is another polysaccharide, and it is a major component of plant cell walls. It is formed by beta glucose monomers linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is completely permeable, meaning that it allows water and other substances to pass through it into and out of the cell freely. Unlike starch and glycogen, cellulose cannot be hydrolysed easily.
Beta-glucose is a cyclic, six carbon sugar, formed from glucose, and can polymerise to make cellulose, an essential polysaccharide used in the structure of plants.
Glucose is a simple monosaccharide, chemical formulae: C6H12O6