biology
Section 1 : Identifying the Genetic Material
Griffith’s Experiments
In 1928, Frederick Griffith, a bacteriologist, was trying to prepare a vaccine against pneumonia.
A vaccine is a substance that is prepared from killed or weakened disease-causing agents, including certain bacteria.
The vaccine is introduced into the body to protect the body against future infections by the disease-causing agent.
Griffith discovered that harmless bacteria could turn virulent when mixed with bacteria that cause disease.
A bacteria that is virulent is able to cause disease.
Griffith had discovered what is now called transformation, a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.
Avery’s Experiments
In 1944, a series of experiments showed that the activity of the material responsible for transformation is not affected by protein-destroying enzymes. The activity is stopped, however, by a DNA-destroying enzyme.
Thus, almost 100 years after Mendel’s experiments, Oswald Avery and his co-workers demonstrated that DNA is the material responsible for transformation.
Viral Genes and DNA
In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used the bacteriophage T2 to prove that DNA carried genetic material.
A bacteriophage, also referred to as phage, is a virus that infects bacteria.
When phages infect bacterial cells, the phages are able to produce more viruses, which are released when the bacterial cells rupture.
DNA’s Role Revealed
Hershey and Chase carried out the following experiment: Step 1 T2 phages were labeled with radioactive isotopes. Step 2 The phages infect E. coli bacterial cells. Step 3 Bacterial cells were spun to remove the virus's protein coats.
Hershey and Chase concluded that the DNA of viruses is injected into the bacterial cells, while most of the viral proteins remain outside.
The injected DNA molecules causes the bacterial cells to produce more viral DNA and proteins.
This meant that the DNA, rather than proteins, is the
Griffith’s Experiments
In 1928, Frederick Griffith, a bacteriologist, was trying to prepare a vaccine against pneumonia.
A vaccine is a substance that is prepared from killed or weakened disease-causing agents, including certain bacteria.
The vaccine is introduced into the body to protect the body against future infections by the disease-causing agent.
Griffith discovered that harmless bacteria could turn virulent when mixed with bacteria that cause disease.
A bacteria that is virulent is able to cause disease.
Griffith had discovered what is now called transformation, a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.
Avery’s Experiments
In 1944, a series of experiments showed that the activity of the material responsible for transformation is not affected by protein-destroying enzymes. The activity is stopped, however, by a DNA-destroying enzyme.
Thus, almost 100 years after Mendel’s experiments, Oswald Avery and his co-workers demonstrated that DNA is the material responsible for transformation.
Viral Genes and DNA
In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used the bacteriophage T2 to prove that DNA carried genetic material.
A bacteriophage, also referred to as phage, is a virus that infects bacteria.
When phages infect bacterial cells, the phages are able to produce more viruses, which are released when the bacterial cells rupture.
DNA’s Role Revealed
Hershey and Chase carried out the following experiment: Step 1 T2 phages were labeled with radioactive isotopes. Step 2 The phages infect E. coli bacterial cells. Step 3 Bacterial cells were spun to remove the virus's protein coats.
Hershey and Chase concluded that the DNA of viruses is injected into the bacterial cells, while most of the viral proteins remain outside.
The injected DNA molecules causes the bacterial cells to produce more viral DNA and proteins.
This meant that the DNA, rather than proteins, is the