Bacteria Cell Sturcture

1. Microbiology ⁃ M microscope ⁃ I independent unit ⁃ C comparatively less complex ⁃ R rapid rate of reproduction ⁃ O omnipresent ⁃ humans are living repositories of bacteria/microbes ⁃ borne sterile ⁃ microbe on all surface area of the body ⁃ sterile areas: eyes, brain, spinal cord, bones, kidney, internal organs ⁃ mutualistic relationship: we provide site and nutrient and microbes provide vitamin, aid in food digestion ⁃ division of microbial world ⁃ living component: organism ⁃ prokaryotic ⁃ nucleoid area ⁃ one circular chromosome ⁃ non-membranous organelle ⁃ cell wall: peptidoglycan ⁃ binary fission ⁃ bacteria simple, dynamic, well adapted for survival and new environment ⁃ archaea pseudopeptidoglycan, extreme environment ⁃ eukaryotic ⁃ nucleus ⁃ multiple chromosomes ⁃ membranous and non-membranous organelle ⁃ no peptidoglycan ⁃ mitosis ⁃ algae photosynthetic, pigment, cellulose ⁃ fungi natural decomposer, chitin cell wall, absorbs organic material ⁃ protozoa no rigid cell wall, free entities or parasites, ingests particles as food ⁃ non-living component: infectious agents ⁃ virus particles with a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material ⁃ viroid RNA, no protein (infects plant only) ⁃ prions protein, no genetic material 2. Cell morphology: determine by gene and environment conditions ⁃ coccus spherical ⁃ diplococci two ⁃ streptococci chain ⁃ sarcina cuboidal ⁃ tetrad four ⁃ staphylococci grape clustered ⁃ bacillus rod-like ⁃ coccobacillus oval ⁃ diplobacilli two ⁃ streptobacilli chain ⁃ palisades ladder ⁃ spirillum spiral < 20 turns ⁃ spirochete spiral > 20 turns ⁃ pleomorphic variation in size and shape 3. Cell structure ⁃ appendages ⁃ fimbriae facilitate attachment, few-thousands, adhesin, pilin proteins ⁃ pili facilitate conjugation, 1-10 ⁃ flagella whip-like structures for motility ⁃ filament, hook, basal body (G+ one pair ring, G- two pair ring) ⁃ monotrichous one ⁃ peritrichous multiple all-over ⁃ amphitrichous both pole ⁃ lophotrichous multiple on one pole ⁃ taxis sensing and responding to stimuli ⁃ chemotaxis chemical ⁃ phototaxis light ⁃ aerotaxis oxygen ⁃ magneto taxis magnetic field ⁃ endoflagella present in spirochetes ⁃ Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi ⁃ rotation causes the axial filament to rotate around the bacterium ⁃ cork screw motion to drill into viscous tissues of host ⁃ cell envelope ⁃ glycocalyx is viscous, gelatinous material, mainly polysaccharide ⁃ synthesized inside cell and secreted outside onto cell surface ⁃ protection from phagocytosis ⁃ viscous gelatinous nature ⁃ slippery nature ⁃ mimic chemical composition of host cell ⁃ prevent lysosome infusion ⁃ protects cell from dehydration ⁃ critical role during initial attachment ⁃ can serves as a nutrient source ⁃ slime layer disorganized and loosely attached ⁃ capsule well structured and firmly attached to cell wall ⁃ cell wall ⁃ Gram positive ⁃ multi-layer peptidoglycan (negative charge) ⁃ rigidity and mechanical stability ⁃ backbone NAG, NAM disaccharide, O-glycosidic ⁃ tail tetrapeptide NAM L-aa, D-aa, L-aa, D-aa ⁃ bridge indirect crosslink 3rd-aa to 4th-aa ⁃ PBP penicillian binding protein ⁃ free passage of substances (sugar, ions, amino acids) ⁃ 3rd-aa always L-lysine ⁃ wide variation in bridge amino acid sequence ⁃ teichoic acids polymer of sugar/glycerol phosphate with D-alanine ⁃ lipoteichoic acid span the thick peptidoglycan layer ⁃ wall teichoic acid confined to the peptidoglycan layer ⁃ regulates + charged ions movement into and out ⁃ attachment site for many bacteriophages ⁃ antigenic specificity that activities and alerts our immune system ⁃ Gram negative ⁃ outer membrane (negative charge) ⁃ lipopolysaccharides (outer) + phospholipid (inner) ⁃ polysaccharide portion, O-antigen ⁃ target for recognition by host antibodies ⁃ lipid portion (lipid A) ⁃ release in bacterial lysis ⁃ phagocytosis by defense cell ⁃ antibiotic that kill bacteria cell ⁃ complement activitation and MAC formation ⁃ causes drop in blood pressure, dilate blood vessels, fever, hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC - tissue death ⁃ protection from antimicrobial agents ⁃ capacity to pump out (porin) ⁃ porin = channel protein ⁃ periplasmic space between the outer and inner membrane ⁃ degradative proteins/hydrolytic enzymes ⁃ transport/binding proteins ⁃ oligosaccharides: osmoregulation and serve as nutrients ⁃ peptidoglycan 1-2 layer ⁃ suspended in periplasmic space ⁃ attached to outer membrane via lipoprotein ⁃ 3rd-aa always diaminopimelic acid ⁃ cross bridge is direct ⁃ Antimicrobial compounds: osmoslysis - cell burst ⁃ penicillin binds to PBP, interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis ⁃ vancomycin binds to 4th-aa ⁃ lysozyme breaks NAG NAM bond ⁃ protoplast G+ cell stripped of it's cell wall ⁃ spheroplast G- cell partially stripped of it's cell wall ⁃ cytoplasm aka plasma membrane ⁃ defines the external boundary of cell ⁃ dynamic role with a static structure ⁃ consist of phospholipid, protein, and glycoprotein ⁃ helps maintain contain, appropriate internal environment ⁃ phospholipid bilayer ⁃ integral proteins extend into or through the lipid bilayer ⁃ trans membrane proteins and permeases ⁃ peripheral proteins attached to inner or outer surface of membrane ⁃ enzymes, scaffold, receptor ⁃ polymixin B acts on G- cell membrane making it more permeable → cell burst ⁃ alcohol destroys the outer membrane and PM ⁃ lysol disrupts the NAG and NAM bond ⁃ cellular transport across membrane ⁃ passive - high to low concentration, no energy ⁃ diffusion small or lipid soluble, O2, CO2, small fatty acid ⁃ facilitated diffusion use channel protein, glycerol, lactose urea, vitamins ⁃ osmosis high to low solvent ⁃ isotonic ⁃ hypertonic plasmolysis, dehydrates ⁃ hypotonic osmotic lysis, burst ⁃ active - low nutrient environment, use of energy ⁃ active transport outside to inside, depends on carrier protein ⁃ group transport outside to inside, substance altered during transport, purines, pyrimidines, fatty acids, glucose ⁃ internal structure ⁃ chromosomes single, circular, double stranded DNA supercoiled, nucleoid area ⁃ plasmid small independent DNA encodes for traits that are advantages but not essential ⁃ genes for antibiotic resistance, toxin production, enzymes, or structure ⁃ bacteriocin toxin kilos bacteria of same, similar or different bacteria sps. ⁃ ribosomes protein synthesis, 70S (50S and 30S subunits) ⁃ metachromatic granules aka volutin granules ⁃ granules of polyphosphates can be degraded and used as iP for synthesis of DNA/RNA, ATP, and phospholipid bilayer ⁃ change color, teomorphic ⁃ polysaccharides granules includes starch and glycogen ⁃ storage depot of carbon and energy ⁃ Chlamydia sps. id, sexually transmitted or pool not chorinated ⁃ lipid inclusion of poly B-hydroxy butyric acid by monolayer membrane ⁃ storage depot of carbon and energy ⁃ Mycobactium sps. material for mycolic acid synthesis 4. Bacterial toxins 5. Endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria ⁃ bacteria that can form endospores include Bacillus and Clostridium ⁃ formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in G+ ⁃ resistant to UV radiation, desiccation, high temperature, extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants ⁃ bacteria produce a single endospore internally ⁃ arrangement of spore layers: exosporium, spore coat, spore cortex, core wall ⁃ core contains the spore DNA, ribosomes, enzymes, calcium dipicolinate ⁃ location of spore: terminal, subterminal, and centrally ⁃ endosporulation (unfavorable condition) → spore → germination (favorable condition) → activation, germination, and outgrowth

Bacteria Sps 1. Streptococcus pneumoniae spherical chain 2. Treponema sps 3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycolic acid, cell wall 4. Neisseria gonorrhoea 5. Mycoplasma sps sterol, no cell wall 6. Vibrio cholerae 7. Halobacterium sps 8. Prions 9. Bacillus anthracis 10. Streptococcus mutans 11. Borrelia burgdorferi 12. Corynbactrium diptheriae 13. Chlamydia sps 14. E. coli 15. Helicobacter pylori lophotrichous, viscous membrane 16. Methanocbacterium sps 17. Thermophilus 18. Staphylococcus epidermis 19. Streptococcus pyogenes 20. Bacteroids