Are Bilinguals Smarter Than Monolinguals
Are Bilinguals Smarter Than Monolinguals?
A Review of the Literature
Luke James Walkington
La Trobe University
Are Bilinguals Smarter Than Monolinguals?
A Review of the Literature
‘Bilingual’ people are differentiated from ‘Monolingual’ people by their frequent communication with two or more languages (Barac & Bialystok, 2012). Bilinguals are thought to be smarter than Monolinguals (Rubio-Fernández & Glucksberg, 2012). Smartness is a measure of successfulness in their education (Hatt, 2007, p. 146). Because of this, there is a debate to decide whether the next generation of children should be exposed to a Bilingual education. This has led to research into whether Bilingual education slows the learning of literacy and numeracy (Barnett, Yarosz, Thomas, Jung, & Blanco, 2007). Research has also looked at specific enhancements (Goetz, 2003; Kovács, 2009) and downsides (Kaushanskaya & Marian, 2007) to being Bilingual. This essay reviews the evidence from Literature to determine whether Bilinguals are smarter than Monolinguals.
There is a current debate as to whether Monolingual or Bilingual education is a better approach to produce smarter students. Specifically this debate looks at whether Bilingual education hinders the development of literacy and numeracy. Barnett et al. (2007) reported that statistically there was no hindrance to literacy and numeracy in 3 to 4-year-old English-Spanish Bilinguals compared to English Monolinguals (p. 288). They also reported that the Bilingual education produced significant increases in Spanish vocabulary (Barnett et al., 2007, p. 277). This suggests that Bilingual education produces more knowledgeable and hence smarter students.
Studies also found that Bilinguals have enhanced reasoning capabilities (Goetz, 2003; Kovács, 2009). Kovács, (2009) found that 3-year-old Romanian-Hungarian Bilinguals performed significantly better than Romanian Monolingual children in several different reasoning tasks
A Review of the Literature
Luke James Walkington
La Trobe University
Are Bilinguals Smarter Than Monolinguals?
A Review of the Literature
‘Bilingual’ people are differentiated from ‘Monolingual’ people by their frequent communication with two or more languages (Barac & Bialystok, 2012). Bilinguals are thought to be smarter than Monolinguals (Rubio-Fernández & Glucksberg, 2012). Smartness is a measure of successfulness in their education (Hatt, 2007, p. 146). Because of this, there is a debate to decide whether the next generation of children should be exposed to a Bilingual education. This has led to research into whether Bilingual education slows the learning of literacy and numeracy (Barnett, Yarosz, Thomas, Jung, & Blanco, 2007). Research has also looked at specific enhancements (Goetz, 2003; Kovács, 2009) and downsides (Kaushanskaya & Marian, 2007) to being Bilingual. This essay reviews the evidence from Literature to determine whether Bilinguals are smarter than Monolinguals.
There is a current debate as to whether Monolingual or Bilingual education is a better approach to produce smarter students. Specifically this debate looks at whether Bilingual education hinders the development of literacy and numeracy. Barnett et al. (2007) reported that statistically there was no hindrance to literacy and numeracy in 3 to 4-year-old English-Spanish Bilinguals compared to English Monolinguals (p. 288). They also reported that the Bilingual education produced significant increases in Spanish vocabulary (Barnett et al., 2007, p. 277). This suggests that Bilingual education produces more knowledgeable and hence smarter students.
Studies also found that Bilinguals have enhanced reasoning capabilities (Goetz, 2003; Kovács, 2009). Kovács, (2009) found that 3-year-old Romanian-Hungarian Bilinguals performed significantly better than Romanian Monolingual children in several different reasoning tasks
References: Alloway, T. P., & Alloway, R. G. (2010). Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 106(1), 20-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2009.11.003 Barac, R., & Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingual Effects on Cognitive and Linguistic Development: Role of Language, Cultural Background, and Education. Child Development, 83(2), 413-422. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01707.x Barnett, W. S., Yarosz, D. J., Thomas, J., Jung, K., & Blanco, D. (2007). Two-way and monolingual English immersion in preschool education: An experimental comparison. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 22(3), 277-293. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.03.003 Goetz, P. J. (2003). The effects of bilingualism on theory of mind development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1017/S1366728903001007 Hatt, B. (2007). Street Smarts vs. Book Smarts: The Figured World of Smartness in the Lives of Marginalized, Urban Youth. The Urban Review, 39(2), 145-166. doi: 10.1007/s11256-007-0047-9 Kaushanskaya, M., & Marian, V. (2007). Bilingual Language Processing and Interference in Bilinguals: Evidence From Eye Tracking and Picture Naming. Language Learning, 57(1), 119-163. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00401.x Kovács, Á. M. (2009). Early bilingualism enhances mechanisms of false-belief reasoning. Developmental Science, 12(1), 48-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00742.x Rubio-Fernández, P., & Glucksberg, S. (2012). Reasoning About Other People’s Beliefs: Bilinguals Have an Advantage. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(1), 211-217. doi: 10.1037/a0025162 Williams, T. H., McIntosh, D. E., Dixon, F., Newton, J. H., & Youman, E. (2010). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales with a high-achieving sample. Psychology in the Schools, 47(10), 1071-1083. doi: 10.1002/pits.20525