Chapter 4
Ancient Greece
Study Guide
Epic Poem- long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero
Arete- The level of excellence heroes strived for
Minoans- Had ships that took Knossos to Egypt; first Greek city state
Mycenaeans- People believed destruction was a cause of this mainland group of Greeks; first Greek civilization
Homer- Composed epic poems. Wrote the Lliad and the Odyssey
Aegean Sea- Sea that the Greeks sailed on in early ages
Black Sea- Sea that Greeks sailed across to make contact to outside world
Crete- Island southeast of Greek mainland
Ionia- Strip of territory on the Western shores of Asia Minor; between Greek and Persian empire; constantly under siege
Dark Ages- (1100-750) Time where Greek population and food production declined. Not much info.
Polis- A Greek city-state
Acropolis- The top of a hill where the Greeks went to for refuge
Agora- An open area (market place)
Hoplites- Armed foot infantry soldiers
Phalanx- A military formation
Democracy- A gov’t led by people of rule or many
Oligarchy- Rule by the few
Helots- The people captured by the Spartans
Ephors- A group of 5 men that were responsible for education
Aristotle- A Greek philosopher that argued against the politic rights
Solon- A reform-minded aristocrat that canceled land debts and freed people ; not give land
Cleisthenes- A reformer that gained an upper hand after Solon
Athens- A very unified polis by the 700 BC
Hellespont- A city that the Greeks set up
Bosporus- A city the Greeks set up
Byzantium- The most notable city of the Greeks
Sparta- A war-based territory around 730 BC
Age of Pericles- The period of Greek and Athenian history
Direct Democracy- Where people participate directly in government-decision making
Ostracism- The practice of abandoning a person to protect themselves
Darius- A Persian ruler who had to do with the Ionian revolt
Xerxes- The leader of the Persians destroyed the Greeks
Delian League- A defensive alliance against the Persians
Pericles- A dominant Athenian politician
Great Peloponnesian War- A war against the Athenians and the Spartans
Asia Minor- A place where most Greek cities lie
Delos- The area where the Delian League headquarters were
Thebes- A Greek power that struggled for domination
Macedonia- A power that the Greeks ruefully ignored
Ritual- ceremonies or rites
Oracle- sacred shrine where a god or goddess revealed future
Tragedy- first type of Greek dramas; presented in three trilogies
Philosophy- organized system of thoughts
Socratic method- uses a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to use their own reason
Aeschylus- Composed the Oresteia trilogy
Sophocles- The playwright of the most famous play Oedipus Rex
Pythagoras- Taught that the essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers
Socrates- a sculptor whose true love was philosophy; critics of the Sophists
Plato- Socrates students; considered greatest philosopher
Aristotle- student of Aristotle; didn’t accept Pluto’s theory of ideal forms
Thucydides- considered to be the greatest historian of the world
Delphi- Place dedicated to the god Apollo
Gulf of Corinth- the gulf that the most famous oracle looks over
Hellenistic Era- “to imitate Greeks” new age created by Alexander
Epicureanism- philosophy created by Epicuruspursuit of happiness-only true good
Stoicism- philosophy by Zeno happiness found by living in harmony with the will of God
Phillip II- (359 BC) powerful army and turned Macedonia into chief power of Greek world
Alexander the Great- great and young king. Conquered many countries including Persia Empire
Eratosthenes- astronomerdetermined that Earth was round and calculated Earth’s circumference
Euclid- mathematicianwrote geometry textbook “The Elements “
Archimedes- established the value of pi
Iliad-battle of Troy and Sparta
Odyssey- 300 soldiers that destroyed thousands of Persians
Achilles- main hero in the Iliad invincible except for ankle
Odysseus- main hero in the odyssey achieved arête through competition
| Minoans | Mycenaeans | Spartans | Athenians | Environment 1. Location 2. Factors | 1. Crete 2. Tidal waves | 1. Peloponnesus 2. Earthquakes | 1. Peloponnesus 2. Farming | 1. Attica 2. Lack of fertile land | Movement 1. Origin 2. Trade | 1. Unknown 2. Sea trading empire | 1. Indo-European 2. Pottery | 1. Greek-speaking invaders 2. Trade discouraged | 1. Greek-speaking invaders 2. Pottery | Regionalism 1. Government 2. Values, interests, beliefs | 1. King 2. Sports, nature | 1. Monarchies forming a loose alliance of independent states 2. Heroic deeds | 1. Military state, oligarchy 2. Discipline, military arts | 1. Oligarchy, direct democracy 2. Philosophy, art, theatre, architecture | Conflict 1. With other Greeks 2. With foreign invaders | 1. Invaded by Mycenaeans | 1. Conquered Minoans 2. Fell to Greek-speaking invaders | 1. Conquered other Greeks, fought Athenians 2. Fought Persians, Macedonians | 1. Fought Spartans 2. Fought Persians, Macedonians |
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