6a Indigenization Of English In South A
Indigenization of English in South Asia/Pakistan
Rescuing Culture?
Outline
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Questions
Linguistic Levels of Indigenization
How is it happening?
What will be the future?
Can we drive English away?
• A. R. Haque:
– “It may not be possible to alter the position of the English language in the national set-up radically, or to reduce its role” (1993, p. 17).
• A. Mahboob:
– “No English, no future: Language policy in Pakistan” (2002)
So what about cultural loss?
• A. P. Saleemi:
– If so, what about the cultural loss that is being talked much about? This is where the process of indigenization of English, that has already started, sounds legitimate. – It is assumed by many that non-native
English is already a de-ethnicized or minimally ethnicized language (1993, p.
34). -
Is indigenization really happening?
Postcolonial Englishes/englishes (Ashcroft et al., 2002; Schneider, 2007), Global
English(es) (Sonntag, 2003; Pennycook,
2007), World English(es) (Gilsdorf, 2002;
Kachru & Smith, 2008; Phillipson, 2009;
Hoffmann & Siebers, 2009), the New
Englishes (Platt et al., 1984), Chinese
Englishes (Bolton, 2003), South Asian
Englishes (Aggarwal, 1982), Indian English
(Gokak, 1964; Kachru, 1983), Pakistani
English (Jamil, 1963; Baumgardner, 1993;
Talaat, 1993; Uzair, 2011; Khan, 2012), etc. **
Insights from research
• Indigenization (Kachru, 1983; Baumgardner, 1993;
Mufwene, 2009)
• Appropriation (Ashcroft et al., 2002) /
• South Asianization (Aggarwal, 1982; Kachru, 1983)
• Indianization (Rao, 1954; Gokak, 1964; Kachru,
1983; Mehrotra, 1998)
• Pakistanization (Rahman, 1990; Baumgardner,
1993; Talaat, 1993; Hassan, 2004; Khan, 2012;
Sheeraz, 2014)
• Islamization (Mahboob, 2009)
• Urduization (Baumgardner, Kennedy & Shamim,
1993)
• Chutnification (Snell & Kothari, 2011)
Levels indigenization is happening at?
• Lexical Level:
– Kachru’s hybrid formations: 1) South Asian
Item as Head e.g. British sarkar; 2) South
Asian Item as Modifier e.g. babu English; 3)
String
Rescuing Culture?
Outline
•
•
•
•
Questions
Linguistic Levels of Indigenization
How is it happening?
What will be the future?
Can we drive English away?
• A. R. Haque:
– “It may not be possible to alter the position of the English language in the national set-up radically, or to reduce its role” (1993, p. 17).
• A. Mahboob:
– “No English, no future: Language policy in Pakistan” (2002)
So what about cultural loss?
• A. P. Saleemi:
– If so, what about the cultural loss that is being talked much about? This is where the process of indigenization of English, that has already started, sounds legitimate. – It is assumed by many that non-native
English is already a de-ethnicized or minimally ethnicized language (1993, p.
34). -
Is indigenization really happening?
Postcolonial Englishes/englishes (Ashcroft et al., 2002; Schneider, 2007), Global
English(es) (Sonntag, 2003; Pennycook,
2007), World English(es) (Gilsdorf, 2002;
Kachru & Smith, 2008; Phillipson, 2009;
Hoffmann & Siebers, 2009), the New
Englishes (Platt et al., 1984), Chinese
Englishes (Bolton, 2003), South Asian
Englishes (Aggarwal, 1982), Indian English
(Gokak, 1964; Kachru, 1983), Pakistani
English (Jamil, 1963; Baumgardner, 1993;
Talaat, 1993; Uzair, 2011; Khan, 2012), etc. **
Insights from research
• Indigenization (Kachru, 1983; Baumgardner, 1993;
Mufwene, 2009)
• Appropriation (Ashcroft et al., 2002) /
• South Asianization (Aggarwal, 1982; Kachru, 1983)
• Indianization (Rao, 1954; Gokak, 1964; Kachru,
1983; Mehrotra, 1998)
• Pakistanization (Rahman, 1990; Baumgardner,
1993; Talaat, 1993; Hassan, 2004; Khan, 2012;
Sheeraz, 2014)
• Islamization (Mahboob, 2009)
• Urduization (Baumgardner, Kennedy & Shamim,
1993)
• Chutnification (Snell & Kothari, 2011)
Levels indigenization is happening at?
• Lexical Level:
– Kachru’s hybrid formations: 1) South Asian
Item as Head e.g. British sarkar; 2) South
Asian Item as Modifier e.g. babu English; 3)
String
References: • Aggarwal, N. K. (1982). English in South Asia: A bibliographical survey of resources • Ali, A. (1993). English in South Asia: A historical perspective. In R. J. • Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Tiffin, H. (2002). The empire writes back. • Baumgardner, R. J. (1993). The English language in Pakistan. • Baumgardner, R. J., Kennedy, A. E. H., & Shamim, F. (1993). The Urduization of English in Pakistan • Chelliah, S. L. (2006). The Representation of Indian English in Indian novels in English, South Asian Language Analysis Roundtable • Gokak, V. K. (1964). English in India: Its present and future. Asia Publishing House: Bombay. • Haque, A. R. (1993). The position and status of English in Pakistan. In R. J. • Hassan, R. (1983). Urdu, English, Urdish. Higher Education Review: A Journal of the University Grants Commission, 1(1), 70-72. • Hassan, R. (2004). Remaking English in Pakistan. Islamabad: National University of Modern Languages. • Kachru, B. B. (1983). The Indianization of English: The English language in India • Khan, H. I. (2012). The evolution of Pakistani English (PakE) as a legitimate variety of English • Mahboob, A. (2002). No English, no future: Language policy in Pakistan. In S Mehrotra, A. K. (Ed.). (2003). A History of Indian Literature in English Mehrotra, R. R. (1998). Indian English: Texts and interpretation. Mufwene, S. S. (2009). The indigenization of English in North America Muthiah, K. (2009). Fictionalized Indian English speech and the representations of ideology in Indian novels in English • Rahman, T. (1990). Pakistani English: The linguistic description of a non-native variety of English • Rahman, T. (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. • Rahman, T. (2002). Language, ideology and power: Language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India • Rao, G. S. (1954). Indian words in English: A study in Indo-British cultural and linguistic relations • Sheeraz, M. (2013). Samosa-Quoting English: Formula and favaid of the indigenized language of Pakistani-American fiction Conference on Languages (ICL 2013), Phuket, Thailand. • Shobhana, L. C. (2006). The representation of Indian English in Indian novels in English Talaat, M. (1993). Lexical variation in Pakistani English. In R. J. Uzair, M. (2011). The role of Pakistani English newspapers in promoting the Pakistani variety of English